Psychology Study Guide 3

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

The process of initiating, sustaining and directing the activities of the organism

Front 2

Primary motives

Back 2

Based on biological needs necessary for survival

Examples are hunger drive

thirst drive and sex drive

Front 3

Stimulus motives

Back 3

Innate needs for stimulation and Information Such as curiosity

Front 4

Learned motives

Back 4

Motives based on learned needs, drives and goals

Front 5

Biological factors in hunger

Back 5

Hypothalamus

-Feeding center (on switch)

Satiety center (off switch)

Stomach contractions

Blood sugar levels

Front 6

Psychological factors of hunger

Back 6

-Emotions

-learning and conditioning

-Incentive

Front 7

Biological factors in sex drive

Back 7

Hypothalamus and sex drive hormones

Front 8

Psychological factors to sex drive

Back 8

-Emotions

-learning and conditioning

-Incentive

Front 9

Optimal arousal theory

Back 9

performance is best when arousal or stimulation is not too high, and not too low.

Relationship between arousal level and task performance

Front 10

Yerkes-dodson law

Back 10

Complex tasks peak at lower levels of arousal while simple tasks peak at high levels of arousal

The point at which the relationship between task and performance of arousal level change from positive to a negative correlation

Front 11

Solomon's opponent-process theory

Back 11

when one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed.

(for example, fear-relief, pleasure-pain

Front 12

Need for achievement

Back 12

the need for success or the attainment of excellence. Individuals will satisfy their needs through different means, and are driven to succeed for varying reasons both internal and external.

Front 13

Need for affilation

Back 13

a person's need to feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within a social group

Front 14

Intrinsic motivation

Back 14

Motivated because they enjoy doing it or because its the right thing to do

-internal factors

Front 15

External factor

Back 15

Motivated for a payoff (reward)

-external factors

Front 16

Maslows theory

Back 16

A theory of human motivation

●Self Actualization

●Anesthetic

●Intellectual

●Self-esteen

●Love and Belongingness

●Saftey

●Biological

Front 17

Emotion

Back 17

Positive or negative feeling which occur in response to some stimuli, and which are accompanied by physiological arousal and related behavior

Front 18

Components of emotion

Back 18

○Stimuli- thalamus

●Conscious awareness- cortex

○psysiological arousal- hypothalamus

●Related behavior- motor cortex

Front 19

Frustration

Back 19

Occurs when motives are blocked

Front 20

Conflict (4 Types)

Back 20

Occur when motives interfere with one another

○Approach/Approach

●Avoidance/Avoidance

○Approach/Avoidance

●Double Approach/Avoidance

Front 21

Stages of lifespan

Back 21

●Prenatal period - pregnancy

○Neonatal period - newborn

●Infancy - (Birth-age 2)

○early childhood - ages 2-7

●middle childhood - ages 7-11

○Adolescence- ages 11-19

●Early adulthood- ages 20-40

○Middle adulthood- ages 40-65

●Later adulthood- ages 65 and up

Front 22

Nature vs nurture

Back 22

Do inherited traits or life experiences play a greater role in shaping your personality

Front 23

Heredity environment interaction

Back 23

All traits depend both on genetic andenvironmental factors. Heredity andenvironment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act. ... But the effect of that defective gene expression depends on the environment in which it occurs.

Front 24

Sex chromosomes

Back 24

Male-Sperm-XY

Female-Egg-XX

Front 25

Genes

Back 25

Dominant genes and recessive genes

Front 26

Stages of prenatal development

Back 26

●Germinal (Zygote)

-Conception-two weeks

○Embriotic ( Embrio)

-Two weeks- 8 weeks

Qualitative change

●Fetal stage (Fetus)

8 weeks to birth

Front 27

Cephalocaudal development

Back 27

Top> down development

Front 28

Proximaldistal development

Back 28

Cental> outward

Front 29

Prenatal environmental influences

Back 29

•Drugs and chemical agents

•Cigarettes

•most medications

•maternal disease

•Age

Front 30

Piagets theory stage 1

Back 30

Sensorymotor stage (birth - two weeks)

●Learning to walk and crawl

○eye-hand cordination

●Here and now sensation

○object permanence

Front 31

Piagets theory stage 2

Back 31

Preoperational stage. (2-7)

○Cant yet engage in logical thought

●cant understand conservation problems

○conservation of mass and liquid

●eggocentrism- cognitive self centeredness

Front 32

Piaget theory stage 3

Back 32

Concrete operational stage (7-11)

○Can now understand conservation problems

●can now engage in logical thought

○development of social cognition

●cant grasp abstract thought

Front 33

Piaget theory stage 4

Back 33

Formal operational stage. (11 -onward)

●can engage in abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning

○reason on a verbal level

●full adult logic

Front 34

Erikson's thoery

Back 34

Puberty and searching for identity

Front 35

Puberty ages

Back 35

Female. 9-11

Male. 11-14

Front 36

Agism

Back 36

Age discrimination

Front 37

Disengagement thoery

Back 37

decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to

Withdrawal from society

Front 38

Activity thoery

Back 38

Older adults remain physically active and interactive