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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advantages of lab experiments |
High internal validity (control EVs) High reliability (standardised pros) Low ecological validity and mundane realism Demand characteristics |
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Field experiments and their evaluation |
Natural “real world” environment, no EV control High ecological validity and mundane realism - natural environment Unlikely for demand characteristics - unaware they’re in experiment Low internal validity - no EV control Low reliability - can’t standardise as it’s natural |
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Difference between natural and quasi with evaluation |
Natural - IV is an experience/event Quasi - IV is a characteristic Sensitive research questions High ecological validity Low internal validity Low reliability |
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What is the aim |
Says what you’re studying in Q or statement form “The aim of the study is to compare the effects of music and silence on concentration |
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What is a confounding variable |
Type of EV that systematically changes with the IV, acting as another IV so cant establish a cause and effect |
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What are investigator effects |
The person knows the research aim and may unconsciously communicate aim with participants (non verbal cues eg smiling) |
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Repeated measures design |
Both participants do both conditions ✅ participant variables controlled for ❌ demand characteristics likely ❌ order effects likely to be experienced |
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Independent groups design |
Split in half and allocated a different condition ✅ less chance of demand occurring ✅ less chance of order effect ❌ participant variables not controlled for |
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Matched pairs design |
Matched with key variables, then one does A one does B ✅ less chance of demand characteristics ✅ less chance of order effects ❌ extremely difficult to achieve |
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Random sampling |
Putting names in a hat etc, everyone has equal chance ✅ likely to be representative of the general population - equal ❌ difficult to achieve - time consuming to make it equal |
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Opportunity sample |
Approaching and inviting who’s available ✅ more convenient than random samples - less time ❌ unlikely to be representative - more likely to be biased if taken from one place |
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Volunteer sampling |
Advertising the study and providing contact details ✅ less time consuming than random ❌ unlikely to represent population - bias (as they’re in the same place or more free time) |
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Systematic sampling |
Sampling frame (register) and every Nth term ✅ representative of general population ❌ still could be unrepresentative coincidentally |
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Stratified sampling |
Strata - groups (age etc), calculate proportions needed to represent target population. Random sampling of this number in each strata ✅ most representative - researcher has no influence ❌ can be difficult to obtain |
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Stratified sample equation |
Total sample size/ target population X No in strata |
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Correlation outline |
Positive - as one increases, other increases Negative - as one increases, other decreases Can be shown pictorially (scattergram) or numerically (correlation coefficient) |
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Observations |
Naturalistic - normal place Controlled - lab style but not always lab setting Overt - know they’re being observed Covert - don’t know they’re being observed Not ppt - researcher remains separate Ppt - researcher becomes involved |
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Observation evaluation |
✅ High external validity - natural surroundings ✅ low demand characteristics ❌ low internal validity ❌ observer bias |
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Questionnaires |
Predetermined written Qs Open Qs - don’t require a fixed response and are qualitative Closed - choose one answer and qualitative data ✅ less time consuming - can email ✅ more honest - feel more confident ❌ response bias (acquiescence - always circling yes) ❌ less detailed compared to interviews - closed Qs |
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Interviews |
Verbally face to face Structured - predetermined and no deviation Unstructured - new questions arise ✅ more detail - elaborate ✅ clarify misunderstandings ❌ investigator effects ❌ more time consuming |
