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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
Bottom-up Causes Perception |
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Perception |
Top down Caused by sensation |
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Transduction |
The outside world (dismal stimuli) sends us signals which our sensory transducers (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) encode and convert into bodily sensations (proximal stimuli) |
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Distal stimuli |
The outside world |
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Sensory transducers |
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin |
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Proximal stimuli |
Bodily sensations |
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Symbolism |
Sense in which we encode our enviorment. Ex. A loud explosion is neither loud nor explosive at a neural level In case of human perception, we assume that specific brain states give rise to specific perceptual experiences. |
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Organization |
Neurons at each stage of processing are arranged in highly organized way, according to nature of the sense. |
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Selectivity |
There is selectivity both at a sensory level in terms of transduction specialization, and also a neural level where individual cells prefer certain types of stimulation above others. |
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Touch |
Pacinian corpuscle |
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Audition |
Inner hair cell |
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Vision |
Orientation selectivity |
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Hierarchies |
Perceptual processing involves a series of stages. Each stage one representation is transformed into another. Each sence contains multiple, heirarchially organised processing stages similar to the hierarchial structures observed in companies. Although sensory systems tend to have much more feedback from higher levels... |
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Tailoring |
Changing certain perceptual features to better suit an enviorment. Ex. Bigger eyes to help see in the dark |
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Threshhold for vision |
Candle flame 50km away on a clear, dark night |
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Threshold for audition |
Watch tick under quiet conditions six meters away |
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Threshold Taste |
One teaspoon of sugar in 7.5 litres of water |
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Threshold of smell |
One drop of perfume in a 'large apartment' |
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Threshold touch |
Wing of a bee falling from 1cm onto your cheek |
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Weber fractions |
The JND is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus to ehich the comparison is being made. Ex. Weight, JND is 1/50 |
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JND of 100g if you would have to hold 102g to notice the difference |
2/100 |
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Absolute threshold |
A minimum amount of stimulation is required to evoke a perceptual sensation |
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JND |
(Just noticable difference) A minimum amount of differential stimulation is required to note the change between sensations |
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Sensory adaptation |
The same level of stimulus intensity does not generate the same continuous level of response |
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Decidion rules |
Frequently, perceptual information is incomplete or ambiguous. Therefore, stimulus processing from the bottom up cannot account fully for perception. Top down decisions also need to be made. |
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Despite our linited access to the electromagnetic spectrum, we can perceive enviorments that differ by how much? |
100 million times in terms of light availability |
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What two wavelengths are on the same electromagnetic visible light spectrum but can't be seen? |
Radio waves and X rays |
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Wavelengths |
Refers to the distance travelled after one complete oscillation of a certain wave (also importatant to audition). |
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The length of visible light to humans ranges from... |
The size of a pinhead to the size of bacteria |
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Sclera |
Tough white bit for protection |
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Cornea |
Transparent area that allows light in |
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Iris |
Controls size of pupil and gives eye colour |
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Pupil |
Opening at the centre of the iris (dilates/constricts) |
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Lens |
Transparent structure that focusses light |
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Retina |
Light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye |
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In order to see light it has to... |
Enter through the pupil, bend via the the lens to reach convergence on the retina |
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The centre of the eye is... (5 points) |
Has a photoreceptor of mainly cones Small receptive feild size Good resolution Poor sensitivity And is optimal phototopic(light) 6 million per eye |
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The periphery of the eye is... (5 points) |
Photoreceptor mainly of rods Large receptive field size Poor resolution Good sensitivity Optimal in scotopic (dim) 120 million per eye |
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Ganglion --> X -->..... |
Amacrine --> bipolar --> horizontal --> cones and rods |
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Trichromat |
Three coloured |
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List the 3 light spectrum colours (and UV) from largest wavelength to shortest |
Red, green, blue, UV |
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We have fewer of which colour cones? Pigments become less the further we move from the...? |
Blue. Fovea. |
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After images (such as a green Canadian flag) are experinced because.... |
Certain colours are opponent to one another |
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Trichromacy theory establishes... |
The different cones available to us |
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Opponency theory establishes... |
How blue green and red cones, as well as other colour sensations, interact. Ex. Red in opponent to green and yellow is opponent to blue |
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Ishihara test |
Colour deficiency test. Equates lightness of colour and attempts to assess any difficulties in cone or opponent processing. |
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What wave defeciency is rarest? How are they acquired? |
Short save length deficiencies are rarer than mid or long ones, both of which can be acquired or genetic |
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What different wave sensitivities can be acquired? By what? |
Glaucoma and diabetes can affect S cones Alcoholism/lack of vitamin B12 can reduce long wave sensitivity Age can lead to blue green confusion |
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What do groups of neurons in the temporal lobe do? |
Help to code specific examples of stimuli in the enviorment. Visual faces, auditory frequencies, olfactory odours might all be sparsely coded. |
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What are the Gestalt principles? |
Similarity, good continuation, common fate, familiarity. |
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Bottom up processes can... |
Supply us with untainted information about our sensory world |
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Top down processes can help or hinder... |
The interpretation of our sensory world via expectations and heuristics |
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Similarity |
Similar things appear to be grouped together |
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Good continuation |
Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path. |
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Common fate |
Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be moving together. |
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Familiarity |
Grouping is more likely when we recognise what we see Ex. Pastries may look different but we recognise them all as pastry |
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Gestralt principles operate as... |
Heuristics rather than algorithms |
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Heuristics vs algorithms |
Heuristics tend to be fast and produce the correct result most of the time. Algorythms tend to be slow and produce the correct result all of the time. As humans, we're a bit busy, so prefer heuristics. |
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Audition works as an... |
Ealry warning system in the service of vision |
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Auditory stimulation can be perceived from locations...? Visual stimulations? |
A: not currently within the focus of attention V: only stimulation within our current feild can be perceived |
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How many Hz can music span? A voice? |
M: 4,000 Hz V: 800 Hz |
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While visualizing what tones should what two properties relate to perceptual experience? |
Pure tones The height/amplitide of the waveform refers to its loudness The length/frequency of the waveform is its pitch |
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Amplitide and frequency are not... |
Perceptual properties |
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There is a direct relationship between air molecule pressure and... |
Sound intensity |
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Large pressure waves relate to...? Soft pressure? |
LP: Loud sounds SP: soft sounds |
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Sound amplitude(not loudness) is measured by... |
Decibles (dB) The sound is weighted such that the range on the human auditory experience can be represented meaningfully on a scale Jet take off: 140 dB Hospital: 30dB |
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Pinna |
Flaps and folds that make up the outter ear, used for vertical localization |
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Ear drum |
First in a long series of transdunction. A whisper creates displacement about the size of a hygrogen molecule. |
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Cerumen |
Earwax Predominently found in the outter ear, moves slowly outward to help clean the ear. |
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What 3 key parts make up the outter ear? |
Pina, auditory canal, and ear drum |
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What 3 key parts make up the inner ear? |
Hammer(malleus), anvil(incus), stirrup(stapes) |
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Ossicle bones |
Malleus, incus, and stapes The ossicles bones transmit vibration from large to small areas |
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Where is their fluid? What is the dB of the reduced noise going through this area? |
Oval window Reduces amplitude by about 30dB The ossicles transmit recouping about 23dB |
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The eardrum can do what? How long does this take? |
Stiffen, leading to a 30 dB reduction, helping exposure to loud sounds. 1/20th of a second |
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3 key components of the inner ear |
Cochlea, Organ of Corti, and Vasilar membrane |
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The oval window provides entry into the...? What does this area do? |
Cochlea The base has high frequency,, the apex low frequency, sensitivity |
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The cochlea comprises... |
3 seperare chambers all filled with fluid. The tound window providing some pressure release. |
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The basilar membrane lies...? What does this seperate? |
On the bottom of the organ of Corti which seperates the bottom and middle chambers of the cochlea |
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Organization |
Neurons at each stage of processing are arranged in a highly organized way, according to the nature of the sense. |
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Lower vs higher frequency placment in the membrane? Fine vs crude analysis? |
Lower frequency at the apex, higher frequency at the base. Fine grained at focal point, cruder around the periphery. |
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Sounds from which side will be louder? |
Left ear |
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The head attenuates high or low frequencies? |
High (Low frequencies move round the head) |
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Lateralisation= |
70 usec |
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We are sensative to about... |
10 millionth of a second |
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What is the tounge map? |
RUBBISH |
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What are the primary taste sensations? |
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and Umami (similar to savory or meat tastes) |
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Where are there taste buds in the mouth? |
Tounge, cheeks, and throat Your tongue has a blind spot in the middle |
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How many taste buds do we have? How long do they live? How much surface area do they cover? |
10,000 taste buds 90% of which are on the tounge but only cover 1% of tongue's surface 10 days |
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Odours must be _______ to have an effect |
Volatile They must give off vapours, typically be airborn molecules that are soluble in fat This is why butter in the fridge catches the smells of other things around it |
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What are the 4 steps to smelling something? |
1) odor moelcules enter, either from outside or vapours via the throat 2)passes through 3 baffles that warm the air and get rid of dust on its way to the olfactory centre 3)olfactory transduction binds odour to proteins, attaching to a mucus layer on the epithelium 4)olfactory epithelium is the first port of call, to the olfactory bulb, then to the olfactory tract |
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Only ____% of odour molecules actully make the journey |
2% |
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The life span of an olfactory neuron is...? How do they combat this? |
4-8 weeks Neurons duplicate themselves, else our sence of smell would change |
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Are nerve fibres specialised? |
No single neuron fibre appears to be specialized in the way visual or auditory fibres are. There is massive summation higher up the olfactory system. |
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Are responses to smells instinctual? |
Not all. Some smells that adults find offensive may take several years for a child to acquire aversion to. |
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Are responses to smells instinctual? |
Not all. Some smells that adults find offensive may take several years for a child to acquire aversion to. |
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What is the largest organ? |
Skin Could cover 1.8m^2 |
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What is the first layer of skin called? The layer behind? |
Epidermis Dermis |
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Two kinds of free Nerve endings |
Pacinian Corpuscles Sensitive to deep pressure Meissner Corpuscles Sensitive to light touch |
