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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
2 Themes of Human Development
Transition and Continuity
The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.
Development
What are the stages of a lifetime?
1.) Prenatal Period
2.) Childhood
3.) Adolescence
4.) Adulthood
A unicellular organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.
Zygote
Extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months pregnancy.
Prenatal Period
What are the stages of the prenatal period?
1.) The Germinal Stage
2.) The Embryonic Stage
3.) The Fetal Stage
The first phase of prenatal development.
Germinal Stage
A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass onto the fetus from the mothers blood stream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.
Placenta
Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form.
Embryonic Stage
The age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
Age of Viability
A collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.
Motor Development
Basic Principles for Motor Development
Cephalocaudal Trend and Proximodistal Trend
The head-to-foot direction
Cephalocaudal Trend
The center-outward direction.
Proximodistal Trend
The median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.
Developmental Norms
The close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.
Attachment
Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed and attachment.
Separation Anxiety
Explore comfortably when mother is present and cries when she walks into another room and then is comforted by her return.
Secure Attachment
This is when a child appears anxious even when mother is near, cries when she leaves and is not comforted when she returns.
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment or Restraint Attachment
Seek little contact with mother and often are not distressed when she leaves.
Avoidance Attachment
A developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established.
Stage
A life span divided into 8 stages, each characterized by a psycho-social crisis involving transitions in important social relationships.
Erikson Stage Theory
Cognitive Developmental transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving.
Jean Piaget
When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
Object Permanence
Piaget's Stage Theory
1.) Sensorimotor Period (Birth-2yrs. old)
2.)Preoperational Period
3.)Concrete Operational Period
4.)Formal Operational Period
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; developmental of object permanence. Occurs from birth- 2 years old.
Sensorimotor Period
Developmental of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism. 2-7 years old.
Preoperational Period
Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification. 7-11 years old.
Concrete Operational Period
Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical systematic thinking. 11-Adulthood
Formal Operation Period
Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes of their shape on appearance..
Conservation
The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.
Centration
The inability to envision reversing an action.
Irreversibility
Thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another persons viewpoint.
Egocentrism
Permits a child to mentally undo an action.
Reversibility
Allows the child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously on two levels of concentration.
Decentration
Problems that require them to focus simultaneously on two levels of concentration.
Hierarchical Classification
Focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior.
Kohlburg Stage Theory
Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but that are not essential for reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
The stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence.
Puberty
The structures needed for reproduction.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Proposed that adolescent years are characterized by instability and turmoil.
G. Stanley Hall
Successful achievement of a sense of identity.
Identity Achievement
Delayed commitment; active struggling for a sense of identity.
Identity Moratorium
Unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values
Identity Foreclosure
Absence of struggle for identity, with no obvious concern about it.
Identity Diffusion