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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.
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1. Science of Human Development (pg. 4)
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A way to answer questions that requires empirical research and data-based conclusions.
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2. Scientific Method (pg. 4)
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The repetition of a study, using different participants.
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3. Replication (pg. 4)
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A general term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception.
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4. Nature (pg. 5)
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A general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived.
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5. Nurture (pg. 5)
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A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.
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6. Critical Period (pg. 5)
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A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen and happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.
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7. Sensitive Period (pg. 5)
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The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard.
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8. Difference-Equals-Deficit Error (pg. 6)
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An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood.
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9. Life-Span Perspective (pg. 7)
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A group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.
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10. Cohort (pg. 9)
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A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. (Sometimes called social class.)
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11. Socioeconomic Status (SES) (pg. 10)
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Referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual’s, or a species’, genetic inheritance.
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12. Epigenetic (pg. 12)
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Cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action.
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13. Mirror Neurons (pg. 15)
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A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. A developmental theory provides a framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development.
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14. Developmental Theory (pg. 17)
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A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
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15. Psychoanalytic Theory (pg. 17)
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A theory of human development that studies observable behavior. This is also called learning theory, because it describes that laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
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16. Behaviorism (pg. 19)
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According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. This word is used to emphasize the importance of repeated practice, as when an athlete __________ his or her body to perform well by training for a long time.
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17. Conditioning (pg. 20)
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A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus (such as a particular sound) that had no special meaning before the learning process began. (Also called respondent conditioning.)
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18. Classical Conditioning (pg. 20)
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The learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated). (Also called instrumental conditioning.)
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19. Operant Conditioning (pg. 21)
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A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person.
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20. Reinforcement (pg. 21)
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An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. The theory’s basic principle is that even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people.
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21. Social Learning Theory (pg. 22)
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A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
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22. Cognitive Theory (pg. 22)
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The view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life. (Later renamed bioecological theory.)
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23. Ecological-Systems Approach (pg. 24)
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A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.
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24. Dynamic-Systems Theory (pg. 24)
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A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner – in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or in searches of archival data.
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25. Scientific Observation (pg. 26)
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A research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one (called the independent variable) and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other (called the dependent variable).
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26. Experiment (pg. 28)
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In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable. (Also called experimental variable.)
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27. Independent Variable (pg. 28)
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In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. In other words, the dependent variable depends on the independent variable.
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28. Dependent Variable (pg. 28)
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A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means.
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29. Survey (pg. 29)
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A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.
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30. Cross-Sectional Research (pg. 30)
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A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
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31. Longitudinal Research (pg. 32)
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A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and then follow those groups over the years (a longitudinal approach). (Also called cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research.)
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32. Cross-Sequential Research (pg. 33)
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A number that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not). A correlation indicates only that two variables are related, not that one variable causes the other to occur.
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33. Correlation (pg. 34)
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Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
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34. Quantitative Research (pg. 36)
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Research that considers qualities instead of quantities. Descriptions of particular conditions and participants’ expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies.
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35. Qualitative Research (pg. 36)
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1. Development is often divided into three domains: biosocial, cognitive, and ______.
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Psychosocial
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2. Researchers understand that conducting the same study again lends credence to its results, should the findings be the same as the original study. The practice of ______, then, is crucial to sound research ethics.
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Replication
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3. When a group of exceptionally gifted students is studied as the students go through elementary school, secondary school, and college, the research design is called ______ research.
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Longitudinal
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4. When obtaining information from large numbers of people from written questionnaires, one is using the ______ method.
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Survey
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5. According to Erikson, if infants learn that others will provide for their basic needs, they will resolve the first crisis with trust. If infants do not learn this, they will resolve the first crisis with ______.
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Mistrust
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6. Each academic discipline and professional society involved in research on human development has a code of ______, a set of moral principles.
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Ethics
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7. A consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is called a(n) ______.
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Reinforcement
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8. The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is ______.
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Nature
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9. Brett asked a group of high school students a series of open-ended questions about their study habits. He was conducting ______ research.
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Qualitative
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10. According to Erikson, each psychosocial stage is characterized by a particular ______ that must be resolved.
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Crisis (or Challenge)
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11. In a(n) ______, the scientist deliberately changes one variable and measures the change in some other variable.
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Experiment
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12. Sean yawned during a meeting and within a few minutes, several others attending the meeting began to yawn. The brain cells activated by Sean's yawn are called ______.
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Mirror Neurons
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13. The set of shared values, assumptions, customs, and patterns of behavior that are maintained by people in a specific setting is known as ______.
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Culture
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14. After a researcher has formulated a research ______, he or she must reformulate it into a specific idea to be tested, called a(n) ______.
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Question; Hypothesis
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15. A(n) ______ is a group of people born roughly at the same historical time.
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Cohort
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16. A hypothesis is an idea (generated by a question) that can be ______ by various research methods.
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Tested (or Evaluated or Examined)
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17. Often the last step of the scientific method is to make the findings available so that other researchers can repeat, or ______, the research.
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Replicate
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18. The more Drake exercises, the more physically fit he becomes. Exercise and fitness, then, exhibit a positive ______.
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Correlation
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19. The characteristic of development that is useful in understanding how individuals and traits within individuals can be molded at different points in the life span is known as ______.
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Plasticity
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20. The study of how and why people change over time and how and why they remain the same is the science of ______.
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Human Development
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21. Race is more often being referred to as an idea created by society, also called a ______.
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Social Construction
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22. Collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age is a ______ approach to conducting research.
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Longitudinal
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23. Social scientists have recently realized that ______ is a confused concept and prefer to focus on the relationship between ethnicity and race and their effect on development.
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Race (or Racial Group)
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24. When Sam's dog hears Sam rustle his car keys, the dog runs to the front door. Behaviorists would conclude that the dog has been ______.
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Conditioned
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25. ______ theory interprets human behavior in terms of unconscious drives and motives.
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Psychoanalytic
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1. The science of human development examines how, but not why, people change over time.
A) True B) False |
B
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2. Cross-sequential research is a combination of a cross-sectional approach and a longitudinal approach.
A) True B) False |
A
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3. Psychoanalytic theory views irrational and unconscious inner drives and motives as influencing even the smallest details of daily life.
A) True B) False |
A
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4. Replication of a study involves using the same participants to facilitate acceptance of a study's conclusion by the scientific community.
A) True B) False |
B
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5. In classical conditioning, individuals become more or less likely to do a behavior based on the consequences of the behavior.
A) True B) False |
B
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6. The risk of doing harm to participants in a research study can happen at any age.
A) True B) False |
A
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7. Tim views human development from an ecological-systems approach. Therefore, he examines the contexts and interactions in people's lives rather than just looking at the individual.
A) True B) False |
A
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8. Correlations indicate that there is a connection between two variables, but they cannot indicate the reason for the connection.
A) True B) False |
A
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9. A learning theory is information that has been proven to be true by extensive research.
A) True B) False |
B
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10. According to Piaget, disequilibrium represents a cognitive imbalance that initially produces confusion and ultimately results in growth.
A) True B) False |
A
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11. Erikson's first five stages of psychosocial development are somewhat related to Freud's psychosexual stages in that they both believe that adult life problems reflect conflicts that may have occurred during childhood.
A) True B) False |
A
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12. In conducting an experiment, researchers manipulate the dependent variable to see if it affects the independent variable.
A) True B) False |
B
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13. Developmentalists often draw on other disciplines such as biology and sociology to gain insight into human development.
A) True B) False |
A
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14. People can be affected by more than one culture simultaneously.
A) True B) False |
A
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15. Conclusions of a scientific study are based on whether the evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.
A) True B) False |
A
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16. The basic laws of behavior, as formulated by behaviorists, apply to any individual, from newborn to centenarian.
A) True B) False |
A
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17. In the ecological-systems approach, the immediate family, peer groups, and classrooms are all parts of the macrosystem.
A) True B) False |
B
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18. People who share a common ancestry and language are all a part of the same socioeconomic status.
A) True B) False |
B
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19. Researchers have little ethical responsibility for how media or politicians might interpret their research.
A) True B) False |
B
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20. According to social learning theory, modeling is more likely to occur if the model is respected and admired by the observer.
A) True B) False |
A
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21. Researchers only need participants' informed consent when the researchers believe that harm may come to the participants during the study.
A) True B) False |
B
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22. The socioeconomic status of a family primarily reflects the household income.
A) True B) False |
B
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23. The purpose of a survey is to allow a researcher to make generalizations about the larger population.
A) True B) False |
B
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24. The purpose of the scientific method is to find ways to support researchers' hypotheses.
A) True B) False |
B
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25. Research on patterns of brain activity in children indicate that as the mother's depression fluctuates from high to low, the child's mood remains relatively consistent.
A) True B) False |
B
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The molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.
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36. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (pg. 43)
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One of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes. Other species have more or fewer chromosomes.
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37. Chromosome (pg. 43)
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A reproductive cell; that is, a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to form a zygote.
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38. Gamete (pg. 43)
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The single cell that is formed from the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.
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39. Zygote (pg. 44)
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A section of a chromosome and the basic unit for the transmission of heredity, consisting of a string of chemicals that are instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins.
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40. Gene (pg. 44)
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An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
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41. Genotype (pg. 44)
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The observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.
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42. Phenotype (pg. 44)
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Any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur.
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43. Allele (pg. 45)
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The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species.
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44. Genome (pg. 45)
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Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development. (Also called identical twins.)
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45. Monozygotic Twins (pg. 46)
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Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Also called fraternal twins.)
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46. Dizygotic Twins (pg. 47)
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A 23rd chromosome pair that consists of two X-shaped chromosomes, one each from the mother and the father, XX zygotes become females.
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47. XX (pg. 47)
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A 23rd chromosome pair that consists of an X-shaped chromosome from the mother and a Y-shaped chromosome from the father, XY zygotes become males.
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48. XY (pg. 47)
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Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.
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49. Polygenic (pg. 48)
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Referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental.
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50. Multifactorial (pg. 48)
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A gene that controls the interactions of other genes, controlling their expression, duplication, and transcription.
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51. Regulator Gene (pg. 48)
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A gene that adds something to some aspect of the phenotype. Its contribution depends on additions from the other genes, which may come from either the same or the other parent.
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52. Additive Gene (pg. 48)
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The interaction of a pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of one allele (the dominant gene) more than that of the other (the recessive gene).
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53. Dominant-Recessive Pattern (pg. 48)
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A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype. Such an unexpressed gene occurs in half the carrier’s gametes and thus is passed on to half the carrier’s children, who will most likely be carriers, too. Generally, the characteristic appears in the phenotype only when such a gene is inherited from both parents.
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54. Carrier (pg. 49)
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A statistic that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, can be traced to genes.
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55. Heritability (pg. 49)
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A condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with three rather than two chromosomes at the 21st position. People with Down syndrome typically have distinctive characteristics, including unusual facial features (thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes), heart abnormalities, and language difficulties. (Also called trisomy-21)
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56. Down Syndrome (pg. 50)
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A genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules. The cause is a single gene that has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.
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57. Fragile X Syndrome (pg. 51)
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Consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children they may conceive.
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58. Genetic Counseling (pg. 53)
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A genetic disorder in which a child’s body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. The resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation, and other symptoms.
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59. Phenylketonuria (PKU) (pg. 55)
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The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.
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60. Germinal Period (pg. 57)
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The stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop.
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61. Embryonic Period (pg. 57)
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The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the organs grow in size and mature in functioning.
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62. Fetal Period (pg. 57)
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The organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaining life via the umbilical cord. The placenta is attached to the wall of the pregnant woman’s uterus.
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63. Placenta (pg. 59)
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The process, beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta tat lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop.
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64. Implantation (pg. 59)
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The name for a developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception.
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65. Embryo (pg. 60)
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The name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth.
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66. Fetus (pg. 60)
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An image of an unborn fetus (or an internal organ) produced by scanning it with high-frequency sound waves. (Also called ultrasound.)
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67. Sonogram (pg. 61)
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The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus may survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.
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68. Age of Viability (pg. 61)
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A quick assessment of a newborn’s body functioning. The baby’s heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, and reflexes are given a score of 0, 1, or 2 twice – at one minute and five minutes after birth – and each time the total of all five scores is compared with the ideal score of 10 (which is rarely attained).
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69. Apgar Scale (pg. 63)
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A woman who helps with the birth process. Traditionally in Latin America, a doula was the only professional who attended childbirths. Now doulas are likely to work alongside a hospital’s medical staff to help mothers through labor and delivery.
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70. Doula (pg. 65)
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A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother’s abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina.
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71. Cesarean Section (C-Section)
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A body weight at birth of less than 5-1/2 pounds (2,500 grams).
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72. Low Birthweight (LBW)
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A body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1,500 grams).
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73. Very Low Birthweight (VLBW)
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A body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds, 3 ounces (1,000 grams).
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74. Extremely Low Birthweight (ELBW) (pg. 67)
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A birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy have elapsed – that is, at 35 fewer weeks after conception.
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75. Preterm Birth (pg. 68)
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Having a body weight at birth that is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception. For example, a 5-pound (2,265-gram) newborn is considered SGA if born on time but not SGA if born two months early. (Also called small-for-dates.)
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76. Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
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A child-care technique in which the mother of a low-birthweight infant spends at least an hour a day holding the baby between her breasts, like a kangaroo that carries her immature newborn in a pouch on her abdomen.
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77. Kangaroo Care (pg. 69)
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The sadness and inadequacy felt by some new mothers in the days and weeks after giving birth.
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78. Postpartum Depression (pg. 70)
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The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn.
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79. Parent-Infant Bond (pg. 70)
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A cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and retarded mental development, that may occur in the child of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant.
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80. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (pg. 73)
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Agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death.
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81. Teratogens (pg. 73)
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A situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level (the threshold).
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82. Threshold Effect (pg. 76)
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1. A gene that has more influence in the phenotype than its interacting allele is considered ______.
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Dominant
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2. Every person is genetically unique, with the exception of ______ twins, triplets, quadruplets, and so on.
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Monozygotic (or Identical)
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3. Genes are segments of ______ molecules.
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DNA
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4. When the phenotype reflects all the genes an individual inherits for a particular trait the genes are called ______.
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Additive
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5. In pregnancy the ______ period lasts from the ninth week until birth.
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Fetal
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6. A measure called the ______ is used to assess the newborn's physical condition; the highest score a newborn can get is ______.
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Apgar; 10
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7. The term used to describe a fetus that, prior to birth, is buttocks or feet first and therefore often requires a cesarean section is ______.
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Breech
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8. A(n) ______ abnormality occurs when a zygote's cells have more or fewer chromosomes than the usual number.
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Chromosomal
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9. The full set of instructions for making a human being is called the human ______.
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Genome
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10. A characteristic that is determined by many genes is called ______; one that is the result of the interaction of many genetic and environmental factors is called ______.
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Polygenic; Multifactorial
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11. Molly helps other women with labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and care of the newborn, much in the tradition of Latin American countries. Molly is a ______.
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Doula
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12. ______ is a common vision problem in children.
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Nearsightedness or Myopia
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13. The most common of the extra-chromosome conditions, caused by an extra chromosome at the 21st pair, is ______.
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Down Syndrome (or Trisomy-21)
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14. The most severe form of postpartum depression is ______.
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Postpartum Psychosis
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15. When a sperm and an ovum fuse, they form a cell called a(n) ______.
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Zygote
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16. Infants born three or more weeks early are called ______; those infants weighing less than they should, given the amount of time that has passed since conception, are called ______.
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Preterm; Small-for-Dates (or Small-for-Gestational Age)
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17. The process by which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of the uterus is ______.
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Implantation
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18. Dizygotic twins are also known as ______ twins.
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Fraternal
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19. Male gametes are called ______; female gametes are called ______.
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Sperm; Ova
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20. The developing organism is most susceptible to damage from a teratogen during the ______ period of its formation.
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Critical
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21. The first organ system to show any sign of activity is the ______ system.
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Cardiovascular
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22. ______ syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation.
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Fragile-X
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23. Prospective parents who worry about their genes and the possibility of conceiving a child with abnormalities may turn to ______ for help.
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Genetic Counseling
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24. Chromosomal abnormalities are most often correlated with the ______.
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Age of the Mother
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25. Monozygotic twins are also known as ______ twins.
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Identical
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1. An embryo cannot develop without at least one X chromosome.
A) True B) False |
A
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2. The period from the ninth week until birth is called the embryonic period.
A) True B) False |
B
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3. Fraternal twins are more common than identical twins.
A) True B) False |
A
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4. Visual acuity is entirely genetic and is unrelated to environment.
A) True B) False |
B
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5. A 3-month-old fetus weighs about 3 ounces and is about 3 inches long.
A) True B) False |
A
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6. The organ that will support the developing life is called the placenta.
A) True B) False |
A
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7. The gender of one's offspring is commonly understood to be determined by the female, as a result of the presence of the Y chromosome.
A) True B) False |
B
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8. Girls are more likely to have fragile X syndrome than are boys.
A) True B) False |
B
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9. A vitamin C deficiency causes vision problems in children.
A) True B) False |
B
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10. In the last months of prenatal life, the lungs begin to expand and contract and the valves of the heart undergo final maturation.
A) True B) False |
A
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11. Alcoholism is an example of a purely physical addiction.
A) True B) False |
B
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12. When genes interact in a dominant-recessive pattern, expression of a trait depends on all genes an individual inherits for that trait.
A) True B) False |
B
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13. Complex psychological problems, including addiction to alcohol, are the result of genetic influences as well as environmental influences.
A) True B) False |
A
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14. Mothers cannot pass down X-linked diseases to their sons.
A) True B) False |
B
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15. The period from the third through the eighth week is called the embryonic period.
A) True B) False |
A
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16. Personality traits, such as having a quick temper and being anxious, are associated with increased risk of alcoholism.
A) True B) False |
A
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17. Individuals with Down syndrome are slow to develop language.
A) True B) False |
A
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18. Genes contain instructions for making DNA.
A) True B) False |
B
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19. An individual's genotype is set at conception and remains the same throughout its life.
A) True B) False |
A
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20. The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the germinal period.
A) True B) False |
A
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21. A teratogen is a substance or disease that, when present, always results in a birth defect.
A) True B) False |
B
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22. Another name for nearsightedness is presbyopia.
A) True B) False |
B
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23. Playing outside in the daylight is one way to help prevent nearsightedness in children.
A) True B) False |
A
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24. At least 70% of in vivo conceptions fail to implant.
A) True B) False |
B
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25. A first baby is born, on average, 12 hours after the start of labor.
A) True B) False |
A
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