Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

Stage 1 Sleep

Back 1

(relaxed with their eyes closed) Low amplitude, rapid waves; stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep and lasts only a few minutes (images appear)

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Stage 2 Sleep

Back 2

Makes up half of total sleep of people in their 20s; slower, more regular pattern with momentary interruptions of sharply point, spiky waves called "sleep spindles"

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Stage 3 Sleep

Back 3

Waves become slower, with higher peaks and slower valleys in wave pattern than stage 2

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Stage 4 Sleep

Back 4

Pattern is even slowe and more regular; deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation

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REM

Back 5

Rapid eye movement sleep; sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections, eye movements, and the experience of dreaming

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REM Rebound

Back 6

If a person is deprved of REM sleep, if they are alowed to rest undisturbed they will experience this. REM-deprived sleepers spend significantlymore time in REM sleep than normal.

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Unconscious Wishfulfillment Theory

Back 7

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent uconscious wishes that dreamers desire to be fulfilled.

Latent content of dreams- according to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.

Manifest content of dreams- apparent story line of dreams

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Dreams for survival theory

Back 8

dreams permit us to reconsider and reprcess during sleep information that is ritical for our daily lives.

Dreams represent concerns abou our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. They represent key concerns

Front 9

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Back 9

J. Allan Hobson's theory tha the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories logded in various portions of the brain. (maybe a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters)

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Dream Symbolism

Back 10

Climbing up stairway, crossing bridg, riding elevator, long hallway, train through tunnel = sexual intercourse

peaches, apples, grapefruits = breasts

Bullets, fire, snakes, umbrellas, guns, horses, knives = male sex organs

ovens, boxes, tunnels, closets, caves, bottles, ships = female sex organs

Front 11

Insomnia

Back 11

people who are unable to sleep of can go to sleep steadily, but wake up frequently during the night

Front 12

Sleep apena

Back 12

a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping. The result is disturbed, fitful sleep, person awakened by lack of oxygen. (SIDS?)

Front 13

Night terrors

Back 13

sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal (kids from 3 to 8)

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Narcolepsy

Back 14

Uncontrolled sleeping that occurs for short periods of time while a person is awake, no matter what the activity is

Front 15

Sleeptalking/walking

Back 15

both occur during stage 4 of sleep and are more common in children than adults

Front 16

What occurs during REM

Back 16

Heart rate increases, becomes irregular, blood pressure, breathing rate increase, in males- erections na rapid eye movement. Muscles are paralyzed

Front 17

Circadian rhythms

Back 17

biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle

Front 18

Circadian Cycles

Back 18

complex and involve a variety of behaviors. Sleepiness occurs throughout the day in regular patterns

Front 19

Hypnosis

Back 19

a trancelike state of heightened suspectibility to the suggestions of others

Front 20

Meditation

Back 20

a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings abot an altered state of consciousness. Typically consists of the repetition of a mantra- a sound, word, or syllable.

Front 21

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Back 21

a severe form of depression in which feelings of despair an hoplessnes increase during the winter and lift during rest of year. Treatment= mre sunlight

Front 22

Psychoactive drugs

Back 22

drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions and behavior. (coffee and beer)

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Addictive drugs

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produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawl from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, maybe nearl irresistible.

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Stimulants

Back 24

drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure and muscular tension

ex- caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

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Depressants

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drugs that slow down the nervous system

ex- alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol

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Narcotics

Back 26

drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

ex- mophine and heroin

Front 27

Hallucinogens

Back 27

drugs that are capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the percepual process.

ex- marijuana, MDMA (ecstasy) and LSD

Front 28

Classical Conditioning

Back 28

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to brng about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that resonse

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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(USC) a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned (meat)

Front 30

Unconditioned Response

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(UCR) a response that is natural and needs no training (salivation at the smell of food)

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Conditioned Stimulus

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(CS) a once-neural stimulus that has been paird with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus (bell)

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Conditioned Response

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(CR) a response that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (salivation after ringing the bell)

Front 33

Operant Conditioning

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learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

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Positive Reinforcement

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a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

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Negative Reinforcement

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an unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to be an increase in te probability that a preceding response will occur again in the furture

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Positive Punishment

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weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus

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Negative Punishment

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consists of the removal of something pleasant

Front 38

Law of Effect

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Conducted in 1932 by Edward Thorndike, it concluded that responses that lead to satisfying consequences are mor likely to be repeated

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Primary Reinforcement

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satisfys a biological need and works naturally (food)

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Secondary Reinforcement

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stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its associationwith primary reinforcements (money)

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Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 41

different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

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Continuous reinforcement

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behavor that is reinforced every time it occurs (vending machine)

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Partial reinorcement

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reinforcing of a behavior some but not all the time (slot machine)

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fixed-ratio schedule

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a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses (paycheck)

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variable-ratio schedule

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schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed number (telemarketer)

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Fixed-interval schedule

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provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

Front 47

variable-interval schedule

Back 47

the tim between reinforcements varies aroundsome average rather than being fixed

Front 48

Biological constraints

Back 48

built in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors

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Shaping

Back 49

process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Spontaneous Recovery

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the reemergence of an extinguishe conditioned response after a period of rest and no futher conditioning