Psychology Chapter 14 - Personality

Front 1

This idea is related to personality and is generated by instinctual drives pressing for release

Back 1

Psychic energy

Front 2

This component of the psycho dynamic perspective is present at birth, is unconscious, and relates to basic biological urges such as food and sex.

Back 2

Id

Front 3

Maximize pleasure, minimize pain. This idea is related to the Id.

Back 3

Pleasure principle

Front 4

This theory states that if needs can't be met with reality, fantasy will do

Back 4

Primary Process Theory

Front 5

This component of the psychodynamic perspective is seen as the "executive of personality"

Back 5

Ego

Front 6

This idea is related to the ego and tests reality to decide when the Id can safely discharge its impulses

Back 6

Reality Principle

Front 7

This component of the psychodynamic perspective is the last to develop. It is in charge of morals.

Back 7

Superego

Front 8

What are the three sources of anxiety in the psychodynamic perspective ?

Back 8

- Reality anxiety: fear of real world threats

- Neurotic anxiety: fear of id's desires

- Moral anxiety: fear of superego's guilt

Front 9

This defense mechanism is released in socially acceptable/admired behaviour

Back 9

Sublimation

Front 10

This defense mechanism attributes impulses to other people ex. I hate you because you hate me

Back 10

Projection

Front 11

This defense mechanism involves mentally returning to an earlier, safer state (thumb sucking, bed wetting)

Back 11

Regression

Front 12

This defense mechanism involves treating a situation as an intellectually interesting event

Back 12

Intellectualization

Front 13

This defense mechanism involves exaggerated opposite behaviour, ex. react to hating your sister by always talking about how much you love her

Back 13

Reaction formation

Front 14

This defense mechanism involves converting conflict into physical symptom, Ex. develop blindness so that you will not have to see situation

Back 14

Conversion

Front 15

This defense mechanism uses a secondary goal as an outlet, ex. getting angry at something else

Back 15

Displacement

Front 16

This defense mechanism involves allowing memories back into consciousness but without motives or emotion.

Back 16

Isolation

Front 17

Freud opts for this type of therapy over hypnosis. Involves getting a patient to sit in a chair and talk about anything.

Back 17

Free association

Front 18

What are the two pieces of evidence in favor of Freud ?

Back 18

Subconscious processing - semantic priming effect

Repression - memory lapses during therapy

Front 19

What are the two pieces of evidence against Freud ?

Back 19

Dreams - thirsty subjects awoken during REM do not dream of thinking, so dreams don't necessarily represent desires

Anthropological evidence - the Oedipus complex is not culturally universal

Front 20

This neoanalyst believes that humans are motivated by social interest and that humans strive for superiority (inferiority complex)

Back 20

Adler

Front 21

This neoanalyst believes that humans have a personal and collective consciousness

Back 21

Jung

Front 22

Focus on mental representations people form of themselves and others in early life, ex. mother as kind or malevolent, father as protective or abusive

Back 22

Object relations

Front 23

This theory states that behaviour is a response to one's immediate conscious experience of oneself and the environment

Back 23

Carl Roger's Self Theory

Front 24

Absence of conflict among self-perceptions

Back 24

Self-consistency

Front 25

Consistency between self-perceptions and experience. Anxiety comes from experiences that are inconsistent with self-concept

Back 25

Congruence

Front 26

Dictate when we approve of ourselves, similar to superego

Back 26

Conditions of worth

Front 27

These people have achieved self-actualization, don't hide behind masks or artificial roles

Back 27

Fully functioning persons

Front 28

The need to preserve self concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence

Back 28

Self-verification

Front 29

The need to regard yourself positively. Attributing success to personal factors and failures to environmental factors.

Back 29

Self-enhancement

Front 30

This theory on personality has 16 basic behaviour clusters and is developed for profiles of artists or athletes.

Back 30

Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors

Front 31

What are the four personality traits that Eysenck developed?

Back 31

- Introversion

- Extroversion

- Unstable

- Stabe

Front 32

This personality trait was later added by Eysenck and deals with creativity and nonconformity

Back 32

Psychoticism-self control

Front 33

What are the five universal factors?

Back 33

Openness, conscientiousness, extraverion, agreeableness & neuroticism (OCEAN)

Front 34

Eysenck believed that extreme _____________ were chronically overarouses, and that extreme ____________ were chronically underaroused

Back 34

Introverts, Extroverts

Front 35

This theory states that the person, behaviour and environment all influence each other

Back 35

Reciprocal determinism

Front 36

Rotter believed that whether we will do something or not is determined by what to factors?

Back 36

Expectancy and Reinforcement value

Front 37

Beliefs concerning one's ability to perform what is needed. What is this factor and what are its four determinants ?

Back 37

Self-efficacy

- Previous performance attainments

- Observational learning

- Verbal persuasion

- Emotional arousal

Front 38

We expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality it varies greatly with situations

Back 38

Consistency paradox

Front 39

What are the two approaches to personality scales ?

Back 39

Rational approach - try to determine what introverts would say about themselves (I like spending time alone)

Empirical approach - find out what introverts tend to say yes to empirically, whether it makes sense intuitively or not

Front 40

What are the two types of projective tests?

Back 40

Rorschach ink blots

Thematic Appreception Test - less ambiguous than rorschach

Front 41

When it comes to personality assessment:

- Psychodynamic theorists prefer __________

- Humanists prefer ________

- Social cognitive theorists prefer_________

- Trait theorists prefer _________

- Biological personality researchers use ________

Back 41

- Psychodynamic theorists prefer projective tests

- Humanists prefer self-report

- Social cognitive theorists prefer assessments/sampling

- Trait theorists prefer personality scales

- Biological personality researchers use brain processes

Front 42

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, during which stage did the "oedipal complex" occur?

Back 42

Phallic stage (4-6)

Front 43

Regarding personality scales, this test is used in the rational approach and measures the Big-Five personality traits

Back 43

NEO-PI

Front 44

The empirical approach to personality scales was used to create this. (Most widely used personality inventory)

Back 44

MMPI

Front 45

What are the validity scales in the MMPI used for?

Back 45

Used to detect tendencies to either present an overly positive picture or exaggerate the degree of psychological disturbance.

Front 46

The personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man

Back 46

Anima

Front 47

The personification of all masculine psychological tendencies within a woman

Back 47

Animus

Front 48

According to Jung, a person who is genderless, who is neither good or bad, who has consciousness and unconsciousness is a person who is...

Back 48

Self-realized

Front 49

The occurrence of two events that are not linked casually, yet meaningfully related

Back 49

Synchronicity