Psychology Chapter 13

Front 1

Define personality

Back 1

The complex set of psychological qualities that influence an individual's characteristic patterns of behavior across different situations and over time.

Front 2

Define traits

Back 2

Enduring qualities or attributes that predispose individuals to behave consistently across situations.

Front 3

What are the three kinds of traits that Gordon Allport identified?

Back 3

Cardinal traits: Traits around a person organizes their life (e.g. Mother Teresa and self-sacrifice)

Central traits: Traits that represent major characteristics of a person (e.g. honesty or optimism)

Secondary traits: Specific features that help predict a person's behavior but are less useful in understanding an individual's personality (e.g. food or dress preferences)

Front 4

Who claimed 16 factors (or source traits) underlined human personality?

Back 4

Raymond Cattell

Front 5

Who claimed that personality stemmed from three dimensions? What were those dimensions>

Back 5

Hans Eysenck

1) Extraversion (internally vs. externally oriented)

2) Neuroticism ( emotionally stable vs. emotionally unstable)

3) Psychoticism (kind and considerate vs. aggressive and antisocial)

Front 6

What is currently believed to be the true model that characterizes the basis of personality.

Back 6

The five-factor model

Front 7

Describe the five-factor model.

Back 7

1) Extraversion: ( talkative, energetic, and assertive vs. quiet, reserved, and shy)

2) Agreeableness: ( sympathetic, kind, and affectionate vs. cold, quarrelsome, and cruel)

3) Conscientiousness: ( organized, responsible, and cautious vs. careless, frivolous, and irresponsible)

4) Neuroticism: (stable, calm, and content vs. anxious, unstable, and temperamental)

5) Openness to experience: (creative, intellectual, and open-minded vs. simple, shallow, and unintelligent.

Front 8

Define personality signature and its importance to healthy relationships.

Back 8

The knowledge people have of the relationship between dispositions and situations as if... then. In other words, if I lie my mom will be angry. This is important because it reduces conflict for obvs reasons.

Front 9

Entity theory vs. incremental theory (in reference to personality change_

Back 9

Entity theory: Personality traits are essentially fixed; people change very little over time.

Incremental theory: Personality traits are malleable; people are capable to change over time.

Front 10

Define psychodynamic personality theories

Back 10

the assumption that powerful inner forces shape personality and motivate behavior.

Front 11

Define intrapsycic events

Back 11

Events within a person's mind that motivate behavior.

Front 12

Freud believed in two main drives that motivated human behavior, what were these drives?

Back 12

Self-preservation: meeting needs such as hunger and thirst

Eros: the driving force related to sexual urges and preservation of the species.

Front 13

Define libido (as defined by Freud)

Back 13

Libido: source of energy for all sexual urges - a psychic energy that drives us toward sensual pleasures.

Front 14

What are Freud's five stages of psychosexual development?

Back 14

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genitals.

Front 15

Describe Freud's stage of psychosexual development: oral

Back 15

Age: 0-1

Erogenous zone: Mouth, lips, tongue

Major developmental task ( potential source of conflict): weaning

Some adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: oral behavior such as, smoking, overeating, passivity, and gullibility.

Front 16

Describe Freud's stage of psychosexual development: anal

Back 16

Age: 2-3

Erogenous zone: Anus

Major developmental task ( potential source of conflict): Toilet training

Some adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: Orderliness, parsimoniousness, obstinacy, or the opposite.

Front 17

Describe Freud's stage of psychosexual development: phallic

Back 17

Age: 4-5

Erogenous zone: Genitals

Major developmental task ( potential source of conflict): Oedipus complex ( father= sexual rival for mother)

Some adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: vanity, recklessness, or the opposite

Front 18

Describe Freud's stage of psychosexual development: latency

Back 18

Age: 6-12

Erogenous zone: No specific area

Major developmental task ( potential source of conflict): Development of defence mechanisms

Some adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: None: fixation does not normally occur at this stage

Front 19

Describe Freud's stage of psychosexual development: genitals

Back 19

Age: 13-18

Erogenous zone: Mature sexual intimacy.

Major developmental task ( potential source of conflict): Mature sexual intimacy.

Some adult characteristics of children who have been fixated at this stage: Mature sexual intimacy. Should occur for all adults that have successfully integrated earlier stages.

Front 20

Define fixation

Back 20

inability to progress normally to the next stage of development.

Front 21

Define psychic determinism

Back 21

The assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions (symptoms) are determined by earlier experiences.

Front 22

Define id (as defined by Freud)

Back 22

The storehouse of the fundamental drives. It operates irrationally, acting on impulse and pushing for expression and immediate gratification without considering whether what is desired is realistically possible, socially desirable, or morally acceptable.

Governed by the pleasure principle

Front 23

Define the pleasure principle

Back 23

The unregulated search for gratification - especially sexual, physical, and emotional pleasures - to be experienced here and now without concern for consequences.

Front 24

Define superego (as defined by Freud)

Back 24

The storehouse of an individual's values including moral attitudes learned from society.

Corresponds with the notion of a conscious.

Inner voice of oughts and should nots.

Includes the ego ideal.

Front 25

Define ego ideal

Back 25

An individual's view od the kind of person he or she should strive to become.

Front 26

Define ego

Back 26

The reality-based aspect of the self that arbitrates the conflict between id impulses and superego demands.

Job is to choose actions that will gratify id impulses without undesirable consequences.

Governed by the reality principle.

Front 27

Define reality principle

Back 27

Puts reasonable choices before pleasurable demands.

Front 28

Define repression

Back 28

The psychological process that protects an individual from experiencing extreme anxiety or guilt about impulses, ideas, or memories that are unacceptable and/or dangerous to express.

Front 29

Define ego defense mechanism

Back 29

Mental strategies the ego uses to defend itself in the daily conflict between id impulses that seek expression and the superego's demand to deny them.

Front 30

Define anxiety

Back 30

An intense emotional response triggered when a repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness.

Front 31

Who rejected the significance of eros and the pleasure principle and believed that as helpless, dependent, small children, people all experience feelings of inferiority and that all lives were dominated by the search for ways to overcome those feelings?

Back 31

Alfred Adler

Front 32

Who believed that male envy of pregnancy, motherhood, breasts, and suckling was a dynamic force in the unconscious of boys and men. And that this "womb envy" leads men to devalue women and to overcompensate by unconscious impulses toward creative work?

Back 32

Karen Horney

Front 33

Who coined the notion of collective unconscious?

Back 33

Carl Jung.

He believed collective unconscious was a set of fundamental psychological truths shared by the whole human race.

Front 34

What is an archetype (as defined by Carl Jung)?

Back 34

Primitive symbolic representation of a particular experience or object.

Front 35

Animus vs. anima vs. mandala (as defined by Jung)

Back 35

Animus: male archetype

Animu: female archetype

Mandala: archetype of self. Symbolizes striving for unity and wholeness.

Front 36

Define analytical psychology

Back 36

A branch of psychology that views the person as constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance.

Front 37

Define self-concept

Back 37

A mental model of our typical behaviors and unique qualities.

Front 38

Define self-actualization

Back 38

A constant striving to realize one's inherent potential.

Front 39

How are humanistic theories holistic?

Back 39

They explain people's separate acts in terms of their entire personalities; people are seen as the sum of discrete traits that each influence behavior in different ways.

Front 40

How are humanistic theories dispositional?

Back 40

They focus on the innate qualities within a person that exert a major influence over the direction behavior will take.

Front 41

How are humanistic theories phenomenological?

Back 41

They emphasize an individual's frame of reference and subjective view of reality - not the objective perspective of an observer or of a therapist.

Front 42

Define psychobiography

Back 42

The systematic use of psychological (especially personality) theory to transform a life into a coherent and illuminating story.

Front 43

Define expectancy

Back 43

The extent to which people believe that their behaviors in particular situations will bring about rewards.

Front 44

Define reward value.

Back 44

The value that an individual assigns to a particular reward.

Front 45

internals vs. externals

Back 45

internals: believe more strongly that the outcomes of their actions are contingent on what they do

externals: believe that the outcomes of their actions are contingent on environmental factors.

Front 46

What are the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory?

Back 46

1) Encodings

2) Expectancies and beliefs

3) Affects

4) Goals and values

5) Competencies and self-regulatory plans

Front 47

Describe encoding, one of the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory

Back 47

The way you categorize info. about yourself, other people, events, and situations.

Front 48

Describe expectancies and beliefs, one of the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory

Back 48

Your beliefs about the social world and likely outcomes for given actions in particular situations; your beliefs about your ability to bring outcomes about.

Front 49

Describe affects, one of the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory

Back 49

Your feelings and emotions, including physiological responces.

Front 50

Describe goals and values, one of the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory

Back 50

The outcomes and affective states you do and do not value; your goals and life projects.

Front 51

Describe competencies and self-regulatory plans, one of the five person variables in Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory

Back 51

The behaviors you can accomplish and plans for generating cognitive and behavioral outcomes.

Front 52

Define reciprocal determinism

Back 52

A concept of Albert Bandura's social learning theory that refers to the notion that a complex reciprocal interaction exists among the individual, his or her behavior, and environmental stimuli and that each of these components affects the others.

Front 53

Define self-efficacy

Back 53

A belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation. It influences your perceptions, motivation, and performance in many ways.

Front 54

What are the three components of self-experience that William James identified?

Back 54

1) Material me, the bodily self along with surrounding physical objects.

2) Social me, your awareness of how others view you.

3) Spiritual me, the self that monitors private thoughts and feelings.

Front 55

Describe terror management theory

Back 55

Self-esteem helps people cope with the inevitability of death through symbolic immortality.