Psychology

Front 1

A teratogen is a(n)

Back 1

substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child.

Front 2

A critical period is a phase during which

Back 2

certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

Front 3

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

Back 3

male facial hair

Front 4

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

Back 4

affirmation of self-defined ethical principles.

Front 5

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for

Back 5

intimacy

Front 6

Compared with their counterparts of 40 years ago, American men today are marrying

Back 6

at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.

Front 7

Professor Parker suggested that heterosexual adults are genetically predisposed to form monogamous bonds because this practice facilitated the cooperative nurture and survival of children. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

Back 7

evolutionary

Front 8

Marie feels socially useful in her career as a financial investment advisor. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Marie experiences a sense of

Back 8

generativity

Front 9

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(

Back 9

zygote and finally develops into a fetus.

Front 10

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn

Back 10

male systemizing tendency

Front 11

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.

Back 11

sensorimotor

Front 12

Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people, however, is fostered by

Back 12

mere exposure.

Front 13

Learning to delay gratification promotes

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moral action.

Front 14

Researchers have discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is characterized by unusually high levels of

Back 14

none of these feelings or events.

Front 15

Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of ________ on adult development.

Back 15

the social clock

Front 16

People have been most likely to describe themselves as a “sandwich generation” during their

Back 16

middle adulthood

Front 17

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Wiesel consist of

Back 17

nerve cells in the brain.

Front 18

When we look at a clock showing 8 A.M., certain brain cells in our visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 A.M. This is most indicative of

Back 18

feature detection.

Front 19

As a jackhammer operator who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude drilling, Alex is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss results from damage to

Back 19

hair cells.

Front 20

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

Back 20

sensory interaction.

Front 21

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called

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closure

Front 22

Holding two index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of

Back 22

retinal disparity.

Front 23

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change is known as

Back 23

perceptual constancy.

Front 24

Plants have nerve cells similar to those of birds and insects.

Back 24

False

Front 25

It is believed that dolphins rescue people in the water because they have empathy of other creatures.

Back 25

False

Front 26

Subliminally presented stimuli

Back 26

can sometimes be consciously perceived.

Front 27

The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to

Back 27

minimize sensory adaptation.

Front 28

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Wiesel consist of

Back 28

nerve cells in the brain.

Front 29

The brain can interpret the loudness of sounds from

Back 29

the number of activated hair cells.

Front 30

Sense perception cells that project antennalike hairs are located within

Back 30

taste buds.

Front 31

Retinal disparity refers to the

Back 31

somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.

Front 32

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

Back 32

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Front 33

“The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

Back 33

short-term

Front 34

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

Back 34

echoic

Front 35

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

Back 35

rehearsal

Front 36

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.

Back 36

short-term

Front 37

Memories are primed by

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retrieval cues.

Front 38

While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of

Back 38

déjà vu.

Front 39

By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions, “hypnotically refreshed” memories often illustrate

Back 39

the misinformation effect.

Front 40

Our assumptions about the past often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

Back 40

memory construction.

Front 41

People with vivid imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n)

Back 41

false memory.

Front 42

Old information can sometimes facilitate our learning of new information as when knowing Spanish can help us learn Italian. This facilitating effect is called

Back 42

positive transfer.

Front 43

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

Back 43

rapid and subsequently slows down.

Front 44

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

Front 45

One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.

Back 45

at the beginning

Front 46

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to

Back 46

imagination inflation.

Front 47

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

Back 47

retrieval failure.

Front 48

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

Back 48

retroactive interference.

Front 49

Proactive interference refers to the

Back 49

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Front 50

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may—without consciously recalling the earlier experience—react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

Back 50

intuition.

Front 51

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the

Back 51

availability heuristic.

Front 52

Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for

Back 52

productive language.

Front 53

The heritability of intelligence refers to

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the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.

Front 54

Research indicates that Head Start programs

Back 54

reduce the likelihood that participants will repeat grades or require special education.

Front 55

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Back 55

creativity.

Front 56

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

Back 56

the availability heuristic.

Front 57

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to

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judge event likelihood solely on the basis of event memorability.

Front 58

Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they

Back 58

can communicate through the use of symbols.

Front 59

The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for

Back 59

extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.

Front 60

The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is

Back 60

greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.

Front 61

Happy children are more strongly motivated to learn language

Back 61

False

Front 62

Activity in the ________ depresses hunger.

Back 62

ventromedial hypothalamus

Front 63

Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?

Back 63

instinct

Front 64

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

Back 64

arousal theory

Front 65

An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

Back 65

drive.

Front 66

In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed

Back 66

greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

Front 67

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

Back 67

no matter how carefully people diet, they never lose fat cells.

Front 68

People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates

Back 68

neophobia.

Front 69

A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

Back 69

stored energy.

Front 70

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as

Back 70

less sincere and less friendly.

Front 71

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

Back 71

women's sexual interests are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles.

Front 72

In most nonhuman mammals, female sexual receptivity is greatest when

Back 72

estrogen levels are highest.

Front 73

Condoms ________ the risk of contracting skin-to-skin STIs. Condoms ________ the risk of contracting HIV, which causes AIDS.

Back 73

fail to reduce; reduce

Front 74

Gender differences in erotic plasticity are best illustrated by the fact that women

Back 74

tend to be more changeable than men in sexual orientation.

Front 75

Evidence that brain anatomy differences account for variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these brain differences

Back 75

originate at about the time of birth.

Front 76

Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by

Back 76

manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions.

Front 77

Most STDs are easily treatable with antibiotics.

Back 77

True

Front 78

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

Back 78

energy expenditure.

Front 79

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by psychological as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

Back 79

settling point.

Front 80

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

Back 80

a drive.

Front 81

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of

Back 81

drive-reduction theory.

Front 82

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

Back 82

adequate clothing; self-esteem

Front 83

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to

Back 83

cause the rat to become extremely fat.

Front 84

Having lost weight, formerly obese individuals have ________ fat cells and ________ metabolic rates.

Back 84

smaller; slower

Front 85

Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who

Back 85

are high-achieving and protective.

Front 86

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that

Back 86

enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.

Front 87

The basic components of emotion are

Back 87

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

Front 88

As people experience negative emotions

Back 88

the right frontal lobe becomes more electrically active.

Front 89

Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.

Back 89

best; moderate

Front 90

Compared with men, women are ________ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple are romantically involved, and they are ________ effective in discerning which of two people in a photo is the other's supervisor.

Back 90

more; more

Front 91

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of

Back 91

anger.

Front 92

In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion

Back 92

introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.

Front 93

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?

Back 93

having a meaningful religious faith

Front 94

Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by

Back 94

others' attainments.

Front 95

The pervasiveness of stress is best illustrated by the fact that the most significant category of life-event stressors involves

Back 95

everyday annoyances.

Front 96

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.

Back 96

sympathetic

Front 97

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream.

Back 97

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 98

In response to stress, the adrenal glands release

Back 98

epinephrine.

Front 99

Aerobic exercise is associated with

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increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins.

Front 100

Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course in mindfulness meditation exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions.

Back 100

hemisphere

Front 101

Mildly depressed female college students assigned to a program of ________ reported a greater decrease in depression than those assigned to a program of ________.

Back 101

aerobic exercise; relaxation exercises

Front 102

Freud referred to the largely conscious “executive” part of the personality as the

Back 102

superego

Front 103

Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's

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latent content.

Front 104

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

Back 104

repression.

Front 105

Social cues are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ settings, and personality traits are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ situations.

Back 105

unfamiliar; informal

Front 106

Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students express a somewhat greater ________ about their future performance, which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements.

Back 106

pessimism

Front 107

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

Back 107

view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.

Front 108

Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as

Back 108

biopsychosocial organisms.

Front 109

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of

Back 109

behavioral consistency.

Front 110

Freud referred to the largely conscious “executive” part of the personality as the

Back 110

superego.

Front 111

Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be

Back 111

preconscious.

Front 112

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

Back 112

regression.

Front 113

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

Back 113

underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

Front 114

Contemporary psychologists are LEAST likely to agree with Freud's belief that

Back 114

conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.

Front 115

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the

Back 115

person-situation controversy.

Front 116

Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?

Back 116

trait

Front 117

The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior.

Back 117

environments; traits

Front 118

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates

Back 118

an internal locus of control.

Front 119

People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.

Back 119

past; current

Front 120

With respect to bipolar disorder in children:

Back 120

Right now it is difficult to diagnose bipolar disorder in some children because they may not exhibit the same mood episodes as adults.

Front 121

Bipolar disorder does not seem to run in families.

Back 121

False

Front 122

A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year.

Back 122

the United States

Front 123

Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.

Back 123

overthink

Front 124

Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression?

Back 124

social-cognitive

Front 125

People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing

Back 125

social rejection.

Front 126

Which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents?

Back 126

psychoanalytic

Front 127

A reduced level of synchronized neural activity in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of ________ schizophrenia.

Back 127

chronic

Front 128

People with reactive schizophrenia more often have the ________ symptoms that respond to drug therapy.

Back 128

positive

Front 129

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.

Back 129

presence; absence

Front 130

An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of

Back 130

social phobia.

Front 131

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

Back 131

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal.

Front 132

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing

Back 132

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Front 133

Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

Back 133

dissociative disorder.