Psych Midterm 3

Front 1

effects of prolonged exhaustion phase (physical)

Back 1

immune system- supressed/more susceptible to illness, heals slower than normal
cardiovascular system complicated- higher blood pressure, damage to blood vessels
(artheroschelorsis- coronory heart disease)
life time damage possible

Front 2

effects of prolonged exhaustion phase (on mental health)

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PTSD- triggered by experience so threatening and uncontrollable it creates terror and hopelessness; chronic physiological arousal (shell shock) recurrent unwanted htoughtsimage
-common source: wars and combat
-people with smaller hippocampus have a greater risk
burnout- physical emotional and mental exhaustion, low performance and motivation

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consistancy

Back 3

-desire to behave with similar principles across situations
-cognitive dissonance= unpleasant state stemming from inconsistancy
-foot in the door technique

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persuasion

Back 4

beliefs are influenced by communicating with someone else
-systematic: appeal to logic
-heuristic: appeal to previous habit/emotion
- can be combated by self relevance

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informational influence

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another persons behavior produces info on what is acceptable, looking at other peoples behaviors

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accuracy motive

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desire to be correct (based on attitute and beliefs)
1. informational influence
2. persuasion
3. consistancy

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obediance

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- do what authority says
-milgrams study
-> people listened to him, relate to nazi germany

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conformity

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tendency to do what others do

elevator example

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normative influence

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-norms: easy to learn, frequently respected
-normative influence (influenced by person demonstrating appropriate behavior
- norm of reciprocity: unwritten role to help those who help you
door in the face

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approval motive

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-desire to be liked accepoted and approved by others
1. normative influence
2. conformity
3. obedience

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hedonic motive

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-seek pleasure avoid pain
-make an example out of one individual to get a group to comply

if one person gets a ticket itll make an example

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social influence

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control of one persons behavior by another

1. hedonistic motive
2. approval ""
3. accuracy

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group polarization

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tendecny for a groups initial leaning to get stronger over time

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diffusion and responsibility

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feel diminished responsibility for another whens surrounded by oeople acting the same way

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social loafing

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expend less effort when in a group than whena lone

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deinviduation

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immersion in a group makes people less aware of their individual values

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group behavior

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-can be in group as outgroup
-leads to favoritism
-prejudice and discrimination reinforced

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social exchange in mate selection

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comparison level- cost/benefit ratio people believe they can attain in another relationship

equity- ratios are equal, ideal

mariiage- an investment (sunk-cost fallacy)

Front 19

passionate vs. compassionate love

Back 19

passionate= euphoria, initial burst of emotions

compassionate- trust that builds over time

Front 20

altruism

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-supposed to benefit another and not oneself
- a way to maximize resource and strategize because its karma

Front 21

important factors in mate selection

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situational: physical location, mere exposure effect
phyisical: triangle and hourglass body shape, symmetry, facial characteristics, such as a strong jaw in males
psychological-inner qualities of an individual

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social psychology

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-study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
-social bheaviors: satisfy needs by harming/helping others
-social influence: influence others to think act and feel a particular way
- social cognition: figure out what others like and why they behave the way they do

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cooperation

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-behavior in two or more individuals that leads to a mutual benefit
-prisoners dilemma

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attribution and aspects

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definition: explanation behind one's actions
dispositional apsects: explaning ones actions with their personality, johnny didnt do his homework because thats the type of person he is
situational aspects: blame on everything but yourself

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fundamental attribution error

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valence of event:
+ self dispositional
other situation
- self situational
other dispositional

why?: you want to look good, and you dont care to research why something happened to someone else

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DSM-IV-TR

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diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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medical model

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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities of disease, like biological disease have symptoms and causes and possible care

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global assessment of functioning scale

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use to assess degree of impairment 100 is good 0 is bad

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schizophrenia

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a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; disturbance in thought and behavior. onset: early 20s for men and late 20s for women

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cyclothymia

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chronically fluctuating mood disturbances for 2 years. from mania to depression.

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dysthymia

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-depression but less severe and lasts two years
-early insidious and chronic
-lifetime risk

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OCD

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-repetitive, intrusive thoughts, (obsessions)
- and ritualistic behavior designed to fend off those thoughts, interferes with individuals functions

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generalized anxiety disorder

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chronic excessive worry
> restlessness fatigue concentration problems, muscle tension, irritability, sleep deprivation, 5 percent of americans are affected, increase in women

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diathesis stress model

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suggests a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexprssed until triggered by stress

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phobic disorders

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marked, persistant, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Front 36

anxiety disorders

Back 36

class of mental disorder in which anxiety is a predominant factor
-includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic, OCD

Front 37

specific/socially based phobias

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specific: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individuals ability to function
-social: irrational fear of being publicly humiliated/embarassed

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subtypes of schizo

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1. paranoid: absurd, illogical and changeable delusions
2. disorganized- early onset, severe disorganization of personality
3. catatonic: periods of extreme withdrawal or extreme excitement
4. undifferentiated: rapidly changing mixture of all or most primary indications of schizo

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bipolar disorder

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BP-1: MANIA: unstable emotional condition with cycle of depression and mania (mania is inflated self esteem, flight of ideas etc
manic episode: lifetime diagnosis

BPD-2: hypomania, same symptioms but four days or less

onset: early 20s

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major depressive disorder

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-unipolar depression
- a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by ahedonia (cannot enjoy pleasureable activities) change in sleep/appetite, fatigue, feeling of worthless ness, suiciddal, inability to concentrate

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panic disorder

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-sudden occurance of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that constitute to a feeling of stark terror
- more frequent when stressed
-some may be more susceptible since response to chemical is exagerrated (sodium lactate)

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psychopharmacology

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-medications that alter main chemistry by changing level of neutrotransmitter to alter cognition/behavior
-agonists increase effects of neutro transmitters
-antagonists lessen the effects

Front 43

treating anxiety disorders

Back 43

1. anti anxiety medication: tranquilize
2. behavioral therapy: slowly increase exposure until patient is comfortable (changing way of thinking is irrational since thought is too out there) ex: wait long time to wash hands
3. cognitive behavioral therapy: since problem stems form irrational interpretation of psychological arousal, change to optimism to decrease panic attacks

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treating mood disorders

Back 44

1. anti depressants medication: selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors to increase seratonin and norepenephrine
2. mood stabilizer: lithium
3. cognitive behavioral thearapy: increase awareness of behavior (watch sad movies when sad) and recognize and restructure
4. electro shock therapy: increase seratonon but kills hsort term memory and shrinks hippocampus

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treating schizophrenia

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anti-psychotic medications: too much dopamine in frontal lobe, use dopamine antagonist
2. behavioral therapy: social skills and framing, behvaioral family therapy
3. electro shock: last resort but eliminates psychotic symptoms, but not depression

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classes of treatment

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1.psychopharmacology
2. therapy (change mind not medicine)
a. behavioral
b. cognitive
c. cognitive behavioral
d. psychotherapy

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behavioral therapy

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-use operant learning to resolve problem
- include exposure therapy/ systematic desentization
target: behavior

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cognitive therapy

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-people have bad views of the world and must try to make them positive

Front 49

cognitive behavioral therapy

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-compromise
-tehre are times where rational thought does or does not play a role

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psychotherapy

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all psychological things are a result of negative experience; must dive into the unconcious to resolve negative memorie

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the big five

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1. openess to experiences- appreciation for imagination, curiosity and variety of experiences
2. conscientiousness: tendecncy for self discipline and aim for acheivement
3. extraversion- tendency to seek out stimulation, company of others
4. agreeability: tendency for compassion and cooperation, social harmony
5. neurotisicsm: extent of emotional stability

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structure of the mind

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1. ID- the part of the mind containing drives present at birth (hunger, sexy, agression)
A. pleasure impulse: seek gratification
2. ego- developed through contact with the external world; enables us to deal with lives practical demands
- reality princicple: combats pleasurable impulse with ratinoality
3. superego: reflects internalization of cultural rules
conscience

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psychological stages of developent

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-distinct stages associated with sexual pleasure
-fixation: pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck
1. oral (0-18 months) mouth, sucking, being fed, oral agression, envy demanding
2. anal: retention and expulsion of feces and urine: submission and rebellion, clean and messy
3. phallic: everyone incestuous feelings, explore genitals-> failure to overcome inhibits stable love life
4. latency:
5. sensual: balance sex drive and intellect

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humanistic existential approach

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humanistic:
- inherent goodness
-self actualization (realize minds potential)
-unconditional positive regard (non judgemental acceptable of another person
existential:
-free to live as you choose
-life is full of _____ otht erhe is aslo tough reality we must face

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self esteem

Back 55

-extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
-positive vs negative: depends on goals and expectations
-potential sources: being accepted and valued by others
-bias for high self esteem
1. self serving: take credit for successes not failures
narcissism: grandoise view of self, seeks admiration, exploitothers

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minnesota multiplatic persoanlity inventory

Back 56

- a well researched questionaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
- ten main subscales (

Front 57

locus of control

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internal locus of control: you are in control of your life and your calm
external: you believe that you arent in cointrol

Front 58

outcome expectanices

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-social cognitive approach of pursuing goals
- assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior. (what you do to somoene and how theyll treat you back)

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personal constructs

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-social cognitive approach
- dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
(one see clown as scary, other see it as funnny. depends how you veiw it"

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social cognitive approach

Back 60

views personality in times of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

Front 61

sublimiination

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-defence mechanism
-channels unacceptable sexual or agressive drives intos ocially acceptable venues
-violence: football, mma etc

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identificaiton

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-defnese mechanism: take on characteristics of another person who seems more powerful and able to cope
-bullied becomes bully

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displacement

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defense mechnaism
-shifting unacceptable feelings and behavior onto something less threatening or netutral. aka hitting a door

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regression

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defence mechanism

revert to an immature bevaior to mimic times whent hiugns were simpler and better

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projection

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defense mech

atttribute onces thoights and feelings motves or impulses to another person or groupo

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reaction formation

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defense mech

replacing threatening inner wishes and fnatasies with an exagerrated revision of the apptetite

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rationalization

Back 67

defense mech

use reasonable sounding explanations to replace uncomfortable thoughts

Front 68

psychodynamic approeach

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-regards personality as formed by needs, stirrings desires, largeley outside of awareness moties that can also produce disorders

Front 69

psychological conflict

Back 69

ID vs superego

results in anxiety a signal that ego is inhibiting the id

defense mechanism: unconcious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by the threats from unacceptable imp[ulses