Psych Chapter 6 Vocab

Front 1

_____ is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

_____ is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires that capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 2

Classical Conditioning

Front 3

What was classical conditioning sometimes called and why?

Back 3

Pavlovian Conditioning
because Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe this process in 1903.

Front 4

The _____ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Back 4

Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS)

Front 5

The _____ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

Back 5

Unconditioned Response
(UCR)

Front 6

The _____ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity ti evoke a conditioned response.

Back 6

Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)

Front 7

The _____ is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Back 7

Conditioned Response
(CR)

Front 8

To drawn out or bring forth

Back 8

Elicited

Front 9

A ____ in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Back 9

Trial

Front 10

_____ refers to the initial stage of learning something.

Back 10

Acquisition

Front 11

_____ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Back 11

Extinction

Front 12

_____ is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Back 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 13

_____ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 13

Stimulus Generalization

Front 14

_____ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 14

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 15

_____ in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 15

Higher-Order Conditioning

Front 16

_____ is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Back 16

Operant Conditioning

Front 17

_____ occurs when an ecent following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.

Back 17

Reinforcement

Front 18

A _____ is a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Back 18

Skinner Box

Front 19

To ____ means to send forth.

Back 19

Emit

Front 20

_____ are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Back 20

Reinforcement Contingencies

Front 21

The _____ creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time.

Back 21

Cumulative Recorder

Front 22

_____: the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Back 22

Shaping

Front 23

_____ occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.

Back 23

Resistance to Extinction

Front 24

_____ are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Back 24

Discriminative Stimuli

Front 25

_____ are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Back 25

Primary Reinforcers

Front 26

_____ are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Back 26

Secondary
or
Conditioned Reinforcers

Front 27

A _____ is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

Back 27

Schedule of Reinforcement

Front 28

A _____ occurs when a disignated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Back 28

Intermittent Reinforcement

Front 29

A _____ occurs when every instance of designated response is reinforced.

Back 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Front 30

In a _____ the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 30

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

Front 31

In a _____ the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 31

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

Front 32

In a _____ the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Back 32

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

Front 33

In a _____ the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average.

Back 33

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

Front 34

_____ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Back 34

Positive Reinforcement

Front 35

_____ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed be the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.

Back 35

Negative Reinforcement

Front 36

In _____ an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Back 36

Escape Learning

Front 37

In _____ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.

Back 37

Avoidance Learning

Front 38

_____ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

Back 38

Punishment

Front 39

_____ learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.

Back 39

Latent Learning

Front 40

_____ occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Back 40

Observational Learning

Front 41

_____ is a systematic apprach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Back 41

Behavior Modification

Front 42

_____ a written agreement outlinging a promise to adhere to the contingencies of behavior modification program.

Back 42

Behavioral Contract

Front 43

_____ consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.

Back 43

Evaluative Conditioning