Psych!

Front 1

dualism vs. monism?

Back 1

Dualism is the idea that our body and mind are quite different and separate (e.g., Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, and Descartes all felt this way). During the Renaissance, Christian thinking about dualism dominated. So according to Dualism, our bodies are physical, but our minds are something nonphysical and more mysterious. Monism is the idea that mind and body are not separate, but connected and all part of the same process (e.g., "mind" is the result of activity in the brain, and does not come from somewhere else). So, mind is what the brain does. Modern science is based on monism.

Front 2

Fechner?

Back 2

Gustav Fechner: modern experimental psych; psych can be used for measurements and mathematical treatments. Showed that some aesthetic things are just pleasing.

Front 3

Wundt?

Back 3

Wilhelm Wundt: simple, repeatable situations, consciousness (awareness of our behaviors and mental processes), behavior is motivated (we do it for a reason). Introspection (looking inwards), involves careful observation of details of mental processes and how they expand simple thoughts into complex ideas.

Front 4

Christine Ladd Franklin?

Back 4

Christine Ladd Franklin: color vision theory. Color evolves from black and white to blue/yellow to red/green, peripheral vision is more powerful than sensitive vision because of evolution.

Front 5

dualism vs. monism?

Back 5

Dualism is the idea that our body and mind are quite different and separate (e.g., Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, and Descartes all felt this way). During the Renaissance, Christian thinking about dualism dominated. So according to Dualism, our bodies are physical, but our minds are something nonphysical and more mysterious. Monism is the idea that mind and body are not separate, but connected and all part of the same process (e.g., "mind" is the result of activity in the brain, and does not come from somewhere else). So, mind is what the brain does. Modern science is based on monism.

Front 6

G. Stanley Hall?

Back 6

G. Stanley Hall: inheritance of behavior, found through childhood development.
Enforced man/woman stereotypes and eugenics.

Front 7

Fechner?

Back 7

Gustav Fechner: modern experimental psych; psych can be used for measurements and mathematical treatments. Showed that some aesthetic things are just pleasing.

Front 8

Wundt?

Back 8

Wilhelm Wundt: simple, repeatable situations, consciousness (awareness of our behaviors and mental processes), behavior is motivated (we do it for a reason). Introspection (looking inwards), involves careful observation of details of mental processes and how they expand simple thoughts into complex ideas.

Front 9

Christine Ladd Franklin?

Back 9

Christine Ladd Franklin: color vision theory. Color evolves from black and white to blue/yellow to red/green, peripheral vision is more powerful than sensitive vision because of evolution.

Front 10

G. Stanley Hall?

Back 10

G. Stanley Hall: inheritance of behavior, found through childhood development.
Enforced man/woman stereotypes and eugenics.

Front 11

William James?

Back 11

William James: mental events and overt behaviors have functions = functionalism. Less interested in describing a car engine than saying what the engine can do under a variety of conditions. Functionalism is the belief that mental processes have purpose and that the focus of study should be on how the mind adapts these purposes to changing environments.

Front 12

Mary Whiton Calkins?

Back 12

Mary Whiton Calkins: first female president of APA, research on memory and the self.

Front 13

Margaret Floy Washburn?

Back 13

Margaret Floy Washburn: animal behavior, motor theory. All thought can be traced back to bodily movements.

Front 14

Binet and Simon?

Back 14

Binet and Simon: Binet thought intelligence was solely based on genetics. He and Simon created Binet-Simon scale to reveal a child’s mental age from a series of tasks. First intelligence test ever.

Front 15

Francis Cecil Sumner?

Back 15

Francis Cecil Sumner: Father of black psychology. Area of focus was how to reduce racism in theories about black people.

Front 16

Inez Beverly Prosser?

Back 16

Inez Beverly Prosser: First African-American to receive Ph.D in psychology.

Front 17

Eugenics movement

Back 17

Eugenics movement: selective breeding could be applied to humans. This came out of biological scientists seeking to develop better farming practices for plant crops and better ways to breed farm animals. Influenced not only people’s personal childbearing decisions but also poliices of governments and social agencies. Said people deemed unfit to reproduce were low in intelligence. This echoed racism and homophobia.

Front 18

Boulder conference

Back 18

Boulder conference: scientist-practitioner model and says a researcher should be trained to be a scientist and a practitioner. Developed at Boulder conference, aimed to develop practices that should be standard for all researchers. To set up ethics, rules, etc.

Front 19

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning

Back 19

• Deductive is broad basic principles and applies them in specific situations to prove lots of other smaller truths
• Inductive reasoning is small observations to broad conclusions

Front 20

cross sectional design

Back 20

Cross sectional design: Compare different groups of different people. easy and straightforward, convenient for researchers and participants. Also cohort effects are difficult to separate and it doesn’t explain how or when changes may have occurred.

Front 21

Longitudinal design?

Back 21

Longitudinal design: Same group of people over time. reasonably reliable information about age changes; requires more time and money, and participants drop out of studies.

Front 22

Case studies

Back 22

Case studies: focus on single person and studies are conducted to see if therapeutic interventions produce changes in their client’s symptoms. Disadvantages: Can be affected by researcher bias because investigators may see only what they expect to see in studies. Also researchers cannot confidently generalize to other situations from the study of a single person.

Front 23

Naturalistic observation

Back 23

Naturalistic observation: researchers watch while people behave as they normally do. They are more reflective of actual human behavior than other research designs.
Disadvantage: can be subject to researcher bias if observers notice only what they want to see. Also, the mere presence of a researcher in an environment can change the participants.

Front 24

5 principles of ethics?

Back 24

• Beneficence and nonmaleficence
• Fidelity and responsibility
• Integrity
• Justice
• Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Front 25

key standards?

Back 25

Avoid harm, informed consent, maintain confidentiality, maintenance, dissemination and disposal of confidential records, deception in research, debriefing, sexual intimacies

Front 26

Glutamate?

Back 26

Glutamate – learning, movement – Ketamine

Front 27

GABA?

Back 27

GABA – movement, anxiety regulation – Valium, Ambien

Front 28

Acetylcholine?

Back 28

Acetylcholine – learning, attention – Nicotine

Front 29

Dopamine?

Back 29

Dopamine – Movement, reward learning – Cocaine, haloperidol, L-Dopa

Front 30

Serotonin?

Back 30

Serotonin – Mood regulation – Ecstasy, LSD

Front 31

Norepinephrine?

Back 31

Norepinephrine – Attention, arousal – Adderall

Front 32

Brainstem functions?

Back 32

Brainstem: basic bodily functions, like respiration and heart rate regulation. Also integrates information about pain and touch from head and neck with motor output.

Front 33

Cerebellum functions?

Back 33

Cerebellum: important for certain types of learning involving movement. Store motor information to be recalled automatically once it’s completely learned.

Front 34

Thalamus functions?

Back 34

Thalamus: relay stations for incoming sensory information. All sensory systems expect for smell have pathways in the thalamus.

Front 35

Hypothalamus functions?

Back 35

Hypothalamus: motivational processes, including eating, drinking, sex, maternal behavior. Endocrine/hormones!

Front 36

Hippocampus functions?

Back 36

Hippocampus: learning and memory. Hippocampus organized in regions and layers.

Front 37

Amygdala functions?

Back 37

Amygdala: brain area involved in processing information about emotions, especially fear.

Front 38

Reticular formation?

Back 38

Reticular formation: collection of brain structures important for sleep and wake.

Front 39

Corpus callosum?

Back 39

Corpus callosum: brain region that allows communication from one side of the neocortex to the other.

Front 40

Occipital lobe functions?

Back 40

Occipital: primary sensory regions important for processing very basic information about visual stimuli, such as orientation and lines.

Front 41

Temporal lobe functions?

Back 41

Temporal: sides of head. Areas important for processing information about auditory stimuli or sounds. Has Wernicke’s area which communicates with other areas. It helps us understand language.

Front 42

Parietal lobe functions?

Back 42

Parietal: lobe of neocortex involved in processing information related to touch and complex visual information, particularly about locations.

Front 43

Frontal lobe functions?

Back 43

Frontal: relatively large cortical region that is involved in movement and speech production. Has Broca’s area, critical for speech production. Has prefrontal cortex, which has short term memory.

Front 44

Difference between sensation and perception?

Back 44

Sensation is act of using sensory systems to detect stimuli present in the environment around us. Once detected, sensory information must be interpreted or compared with past and present stimuli.
Perception is the process of recognizing and identifying a sensory stimulus.

Front 45

Sensory receptor cells and sensory transductors?

Back 45

Sensory receptor cells convert a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses which is used as communication in our brains and nervous systems. Sensory transduction is the process of converting a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

Front 46

Bottom up and top down processing?

Back 46

Bottom up processing: perception that proceeds by transducing environmental stimuli into neural impulses that move onto successively more complex brain regions.
Top-down processing: perception processes led by cognitive processes, such as memory or expectations.

Front 47

Retina function?

Back 47

Retina: where we transduce light waves into neural impulses that the brain can process

Front 48

Bottom up and top down processing?

Back 48

Bottom up processing: perception that proceeds by transducing environmental stimuli into neural impulses that move onto successively more complex brain regions.
Top-down processing: perception processes led by cognitive processes, such as memory or expectations.

Front 49

Secure attachment?

Back 49

Secure attachment: infant uses the mother as a secure base from which to explore as support in time of trouble. Infant is moderately distressed when mother leaves the room and happy when she returns. (60% of babies)

Front 50

Retina function?

Back 50

Retina: where we transduce light waves into neural impulses that the brain can process

Front 51

Anxious/avoidant attachment?

Back 51

Anxious/avoidant attachment: infant is unresponsive with the mother and is usually indifferent when she leaves room and when she returns. (15%)

Front 52

Secure attachment?

Back 52

Secure attachment: infant uses the mother as a secure base from which to explore as support in time of trouble. Infant is moderately distressed when mother leaves the room and happy when she returns. (60% of babies)

Front 53

Anxious/ambivalent attachment?

Back 53

Anxious/ambivalent: infant reacts strongly when the mother leaves the room. When she returns, infant shows mixed emotions, seeking close contact and then squirming away angrily. (10%)

Front 54

Anxious/avoidant attachment?

Back 54

Anxious/avoidant attachment: infant is unresponsive with the mother and is usually indifferent when she leaves room and when she returns. (15%)

Front 55

Anxious/ambivalent attachment?

Back 55

Anxious/ambivalent: infant reacts strongly when the mother leaves the room. When she returns, infant shows mixed emotions, seeking close contact and then squirming away angrily. (10%)

Front 56

Kolhberg's moral dilemma

Back 56

Kohlberg’s moral dilemma –
Preconventional: morality centers on what you can get away with. (reasons to do or not do something: can you get away with it?)
Conventional: morality centers on avoiding others’ disapproval and obeying society’s rules. (reasons to do or not do: what will people think?)
Postconventional: morality is determined by abstract ethical principles. (reasons to do or not do: sometimes laws are breakable, or you won’t have lived up to your standards)

Front 57

Broca's aphasia vs. Wernicke's aphasia

Back 57

Broca’s aphasia is a neurological condition arising from damage to Broca’s area where the patient is unable to produce coherent speech. Slow, effortful speaking.
Wernicke’s aphasia, loss of ability to understand language. Grammatically okay but words don’t make sense together.

Front 58

Heuristics?

Back 58

Heuristics – working backward, forming subgoals, searching for analogies, shortcuts.
Availability heuristic: likely to see event as more frequent, which can be an error. More likely to be killed by a shark or a plane part? Representativeness heuristic – when we classify something based on how similar it is to a typical case. Recognition heuristic – places more value on easily recognizable options. Affect heuristic – emotions can affect decision making.

Front 59

Associative vs. nonassociative learning

Back 59

learning words to a song with the tune too.
Nonassociative learning: change based on experience but without a person connecting two or more pieces of information. It has habituation, learning that a repeated presentation of stimulus leads to reduction in response. Sensitization, nonassociative learning, a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.