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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the goals of modern psychology?
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-Determine the essentials of "behaviour and mind"
-why do people thinkm act, and feel the way they do? -develop a knowledge base about human and animals -improve society |
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What is the function of the mind?
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It helps us adapt to our environment.
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Define the following:
1.)Scientific 2.)Behaviuor 3.)Mind |
1.)systematic observation
2.)observable actions 3.)subjective experiences such as emotions, thoughts, and sensations |
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What is psychology?
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The scientific study of baviour and mind.
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How can you study the mind?
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-self report
-find a way to open it -study how it behaves |
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Give examples of the different types of psychologists (what they do).
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-clinical psychologists
-psychiatrists -counsellors -applied psychologists -research psychologists |
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1.)What is the main goal of a clinical psychologist?
2.)Where do they work? |
1.)diagnose and treat severe psychological problems (scizophrenia, depression)
2.)clinic or private practice |
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What is a psychiatrist?
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They are medical doctors who specialize indiagnosis and treatment of psychological problems. They are licensed to prescribe drugs.
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What do counsellors do?
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Provide therapy and support to clients (deal with everyday problems such as family disputes and career advice)/
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What is the main goal of applied psychologist and give some examples of applied psychologists.
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Their main goal is to apply psychology to practical problems in the real world. Some examples are school psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists andhuman factors psychologists. They ARE NOT involved with psychological disorders.
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What is the main goal of research psychologists and where can tehy work?
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Their mani goal is to conduct experimens to acquire new knowledge about behaviour and the mind. Tehy can work in universities, colleges, and research institutes.
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How did Descartes describe the mind and body?
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As 2 separate entitites. The mind controls the body trought the pineal gland.
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How do psychologists today see the mind and body?
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That they are one and the same- the mind arises from brain activity.
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What is the modern view of nature vs nurture?
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That both matter and both are necessary.
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Describe the sceintific method.
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A mehod for acquiring knowledge by combinign the principles of rational thought (logic) with information dervied from systematic measurements of the object of study (empirical research)
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What are the 4 main steps in scientific investigation?
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1.)Observe
2.)Detect regularities 3.)Generate hypothesis 4.)Observe -in principle, this cycle never ends |
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1.)What must we do to study a concept scientifically?
2.)What is a variable? |
1.)We need and operational definition to make it into a variable.
2.)A concept that has been converted into a number or category. |
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What are the techniques for scientific investigation?
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1.)naturalistic observation
2.)case studies 3.)surveys 4.)psychological tests |
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Describe naturalistic observation. (give an example and explain how you can reduce reactivity)
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Research technique that involves recording behaviour as it occurs naturally.
For example, observe children playing at a daycare center. You can reduce reactivity by participant observation (blending into the group) or unobtrusive recording. |
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Describe case studies.
What is a potential problem? Who used this method? |
Descriptive research technique in which the research effort is focused on a singe.
A problem is that it may not be representative if only based on one person. This technique was used by Freud. |
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Describe a survey and give examples.
What are some problems with this method? |
Gather a limited amount of information form many people.
Examples are marketing or political polls. Some potential problems are obtaining a representative sample and whether or not the respondants are being truthful. |
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Describe psychological tests and give examples.
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Tests mainly designed to measure individual differences.
Some examples are: -achievement tests-measue knowledge in a subject -aptitude tests-measure potential for success in a subject or porfession -intelligence tests -personality tests |
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What is a spurious correlation?
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When the correlation is due to a third variable that you didn;t consider.
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Define independent variable.
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The aspect of the environment that is manipulated in the experiment. It must consist of at least 2 conditions.
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Define dependent variable.
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The behaviour that is measured in the experiment.
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Give examples of randomization that are important in proper experiments.
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Randome selection form population and randome assignment to conditions.
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What are expectancy effects and how can they be reduced?
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Particpants may guess what the researcher expects to find and may change their behaviour to fit expectations.
Ways to reduce this are to give the control group a placebo, don't tell participants which group they are in (single-blind study), don't tell participants or reasearchers which group is which (double-blind study) |
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What is a major limitation of a laboratory setting?
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You don't know if people would behave the same way outside the lab setting so you don't know if the results generalize to real life situations.
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According to Freud, what are the 2 motivational forces?
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sex and aggression
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Define:
1.)Life instinct 2.)Death instinct |
1.)EROS
2.)THANATOS(agressiontoward self and others) |
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What are some of the methods that Freud used?
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-case study
-hypnosis -dream analysis -free association -projective tests |
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What were Freuds methods desgned to overcome?
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the patients defenses
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Describe hypniosis.
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put patient into altered atate to avoid defenses
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Describ dream analysis.
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-mainfest content-patient's description
-latent content-requires interpretation of symbols |
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Describe free association.
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-open ended method: therapist listens to your stream of consciousness
-priming method: therapists provides a series of key words and response delay indicates sore spots |
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Describe projective tests.
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patient is shown ambiguous stimuli and patient's interpreatation reveals innermost thoughts (Eg. Rorschach ink blot test)
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Describe Freuds structure of mind.
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1.conscious mind-the contents of awareness (what is currently the focus of your attention)
2.precounscious mind(inactive but accessible thoughts and memories) 3.uncounscious mind(houses all memories, urges, and conflicts that are beyond awareness) |
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Describe Freud's structure of personality. (what principle is each?)
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1.id-pleasure prinicple
2.ego-reality prniciple 3.superego-idealistic principle |
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Define id
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The portion of personality that is governed by unborn instinctual drives
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Define ego
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The portion of personality that encourages us to act with reason ans deliberation and helps us conform to the requirements of the external world (compromises amond the id, the external world and the superego)
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Define superego
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The portion personality that motivates people to act in proper fashion (eg inaccordance with morals and customs)
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List the stages of Freud's stage theory
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-oral stage
-anal stage (retentive vs. expulsive) -phallic stage -latency period -genital stage |
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What are some criticisms of Freud's theory?
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-it's difficult to verify
-relies on case studies and self insight -it's offensive (focuses on sex, childhood sexuality and offensive to women) -negative view of humanity |
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What are some criticims in realtion to Freud's theory having a negative view of humanity?
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-are sex and aggression really the major human motivators?
-are they inevitable? -focuses on psychological problems |
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What are the 4 versions of learning theories?
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1.behaviourism
2.social learning theory 3.social-behavioural theory 4.cognitive-behavioural theory |
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Who supported behviourism?
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Skinner
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Describe behviourism
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People are conditioned through being rewarded or punished for their actions.
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Describe social learning theory
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The idea that most important personality traits come form modelling or copying the behaviour of others
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Who supported social learning theory?
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Bandura
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What are the 2 versions withing social learning theory
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1.vicarious learning: others get rewarded or punished
2.pure modelling: noone gets rewarded or punished |
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What are some critiques of learning theories?
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-no big picture of the person
-too much focus on situations -ignore biological factors -mechanical-no free will -beyond free will and dignity |
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Describe determinism vs. free will
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-determinism says that all behaviour follows scientific laws
-only humanistic theories have free will |
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What did Ayn Rand say about psychology?
Was she right? |
That it is dangerous to society and it takes waay responsibility in criminal evaluations
She was rgiht but psychology is not dangerous, but it changes the focus to rehabilitating pr isolating criminals instead of getting revenge |
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What are 2 key ideas of humanistic pschology?
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1.positive perspective
-people are inherantly good -you can be better than ok 2.subjective experience- -each person's viewpoint is ok -we are conscious -we have free will |
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Who supported humanisitic psychology?
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Maslow
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What are Maslow's main ideas?
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-self-actualization-the ingrained deisre to reach our true potential a human beings
-heirarchy of needs-higher level needs can only be addressed whne lower level needs are met |
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List the needs in Maslow's heirarchy of needs from bottom to top.
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physiological
safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization |
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Describe Roger's idea of the self.
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He said the essence of personality lies in the concept of the self. He defined self-concept as an organized set of perceptions about our own abilities and characteristics.
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Describe Rogerian Therapy
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-create an atmosphere of warm acceptance
-uncover unique perspecitve of the patient -patients cure themselves |
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What is the influence of humanisitic psychology?
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-inspirational
-common sense -overlap with religious ideas |
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What new approaches did humanistic psychology spawn?
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-self-help movement
-New Age psychology -Positive Psychology movement |
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Explain some criticms of humanisitc psychology.
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-concepts are too loose to study
-biased toward positive perspective -therapy seems too passive |
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Describe Hoobes, Rousseau and a neutral view of humanity.
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Hobbes-life is nasty, brutish and short
Rousseau-life ruins the innocent child Neutral-life just "is" |
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Exaplin the meataphor desrcibing the mind that is used in cognitive psychology.
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computer metaphor: thinking is simply the processing of information
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What were the impacts of cognitive psychology?
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-changed all brances of psychology
-gave psychology 2 Nobel Prize winners -also impacte liguistics and animal reasearch |
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According to cognitive psychology, what information do we process?
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Salient information: loud, bright, moving, unusual
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According to cognitive psychology, who is prejudiced?
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Everyone- automatic stereotyping then controlled inhibition
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What are the 3 definitions of personality?
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-lay definition:friendly and interesting
-grand theory of psychology (Freud) -individual differences in social behaviour (ie traits) |
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Defiine traits
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-predispositions to respond consistently across time and situations
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What are the 3 modes of measurement for traits?
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1.self-rating
2.observer rating 3.behaviour (convergence is most convincing) |
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How many traits are there acodording to the dictionary?
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-dictionary has 4500 words (1 of every 10 words)
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How many traits did Cattell identify?
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1610
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What is a Factor Analysis?
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A mathematical procedure that simplifies the correlations among a large number of traits.
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Describe a typical personality study.
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Administer a questionairre to a large sample of people and ask them to rate themselves on a list of traits and the correlation of each pair of traits is calculated.
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How many factors of personality did Cattell identify after doing a factor anlysis?
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16
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What is one critisism of Cattell's conclusion?
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That some of his factors are correltaed with eachother (they overlap too much)
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How many distinct dimensions of personality did Goldberg identify?List them.
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Five:
-extraversion -agreeableness -conscientiousness -neuroticism -openness |
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Describe extravesion and it's theory
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talkative, social, fun-loving, energetic
-theory: need for excitement |
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Describe agreeable and its theory.
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sympthetic, warm, trusting, cooperative
-theory: seeks harmony |
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Describe conscientiousness
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dependable, productive, neat
-theory: sense of duty |
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Describe Neuroticism
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anxious, insecure, guilt-prone, self-conscious
-theory: sensitive to punishments, failures |
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Describe open to experience
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broad interests, creative, prefers ideas over practical issues, politically liberal
-theory: anti-conformist |
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Are the big 5 dependent or independent dimensions?
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Independent (they are uncorrelated, all combinations are equally likely)
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How do you judge accuracy of observer's judgements of someone's personality?
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The degree to which the observers rating agree with self-descriptions and behaviours.
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Describe David Watson's study and the results
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-operationalized zero acquiantance
-6 strangers say hello and shake hands and then rate eachother's personality -there was actually some accuracy regarding extraversion andconscientiousness! |
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Describe Diane Berry's study.
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Use photo only but still some accuracy on extraversion and conscientiousness!
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What did Gosling adn his colleagues research?
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Judging student's personalities based on a photo of their room (focus on conscientiousness and openess)
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What did UBC data find was a good zero acquiantance condition?
Dexcribe the exception. |
First name only
-exception was that those who used formal name had more formal personalities |
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What did Guion find in his study of subject number and personality?
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subject numer correlates with conscientiousness and agreeableness
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What are 3 qualities of a good test?
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reliability, validity, and standardization
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Define reliability and ways to test it
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-are scores consistent?
-test-retest -internal consistency -between judge consistency |
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What are the 3 types of validity?
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-content validity
-predicitve validity -construct validity |
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Why is standardization important?
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It ensure fair comparisons and norms are based on large samples.
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Why is standardization important?
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It ensure fair comparisons and norms are based on large samples.
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What is the philosoph of science?
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It is not absolute proof and it depends on the degree of support.
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What are the 3 approaches to conseptualizing intelligence?
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1.Psychometric Approach
2.Cognitive Approach 3.Expanded Theories |
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What are 3 ways to determine IQ?
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1.Binet's Mental age
2.Stern's Ratio formula for IQ 3.Deviation formula for IQ |
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What is the ratio formula for IQ?
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IQ=(mental age/chronological age) X 100
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What is the problem with the ratio formula for IQ scores?
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Mental age plateaus at about age 16 and chronolical age keeps increasing/
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What is the deviation formula for IQ and what is a problem with it?
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-intelligence score is derived from determining where your performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores
-one problem is taht it hides differences |
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What are the IQ scores for giftedness and retardation?
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giftedness-130 and up
retardation- 70 and below |
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List some famous IQ tesst that are generally successful.
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Stanford-Binet
WISC WAIS |
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What is a savant?
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An individual witha special talent despite generally low intelligence.
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List the researchers who believe that intelligence is determined by nature, nuture or both.
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Nature-Rushton, Eysenck, Jensen
Nurture-Kamin 50/50-Scarr |
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What are two ways to study the influence of genetics on intelligence?
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1.twi studies
2.adoption studies |
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Explain the logic of twin studies.
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Look at the IQ scores of identical twins raised together versus those raised apart and they were found to have strongly correlated IQs even when raised apart.
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Explain the logic and findings of Adoption studies.
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adopted children have biological parents (with genetic iinfluece) and the parents who raised them (environmental influence) so which parents are they more corrlated with in terms of IQÉ Studies show that the child`s IQ is correlated with both sets of parents but more correlated with the biological parents and it also increases with time
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How do twin and adoption studies also confirm the impact of nurture on IQ scores (intelligence)
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-group differences-sex differences due to sex roles and aver IQ scores have been increasing and is likely due to improved nutrition, schooling, and more daycare and preschooling
-economic differences-black and aboriginal canadians tend are more likely to live at or below poverty level then white canadians which can hurt their chances of getting proper education -test bias-failure the answer some questions right may be due to lack of exposeure to things like certain literature because of cultural differences -black children raised in white homes had higher IQs |
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What is a culture-free test and give an example.
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A test that avoids the use of language so that the test is fair to all culture (Eg. Ravens Matrices)
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How many empirical compnents of intelligence did the following researchers identify:
1.Spearman 2.Wechsler 3.Cattell 4.Thurstone 5.Guilford |
1.-1
2.-2 3.-2 4.-7 5.-120 |
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Compare achievement, IQ, and aptitude.
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Achievement-accumulated knowledge
IQ-general mental ability Aptitude-Specific ability |
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What are the sex differences in the 7 primary abilities
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1.vocabulary-F
2.spatial-M 3.verbal fluency-F 4.perceptual scanning-F 5.problem solving-M 6.arithmatic-F 7.memory-equal |
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What are 2 possible explanations for sex differences in the 7 primary abilities
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Nature-brain differences
Nurture-sex roles |
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Describe the sex differences in the GRE
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verbal-F
math-M analytic(phased out)-M essay(new)-F |
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Which IQ test shows no sex differences
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Stanford-Binet
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What is emotional intelligence
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being good at percieving, understanding and expressing emotions
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How can emotional intelligence be measured
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One approach is to test their ability to judge emotions accurately
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