Psych 101 First Test

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psychology ( meaning in greek)

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psyche - souls
logos - study of
1879 - psychologys true date of birth

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modern definition of psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes of individual organisms

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goals of psychology

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1) to describe behaviors/ no assumptions
2) to explain behavior/why?
3) to predict behavior
4)to control/improve behavior

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Wilhelm Wundt

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-1879
-considered the father of psych.
-first formal lab for psych.
- first psych journal
-believed psych should be a SCIENCE - subject of this science = consciousness

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counsciousness

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the awareness of immidiate experience

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wilhelm's new definition of psychology

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the scientific study of conscious experience

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Stanley Hall

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-studied with wundt
-contributor to us psych
-first psych lab in us/1st psych journal of results, helped find/beocme president of the American Psych. association

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First School of Thought

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Structuralism-notion that psychology was meant to analyze consciousness into its basic elements/investigate how these elements are related
-wanted to eamine conscious experience, memories, images, feelings, etc.

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Introspection

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- method used to study structuralism
systematic self-observation of ones conscious experience
- required training to make subject more objective and aware( later asked to analyze what they experienced)

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Second School of Thought

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-Functionalism-psych should investigate the function/purpose of consciousness rather than its structure
- how do people adapt to their behavior to the environment
-introduced new ways to stidy this = mental testing, development of kids, behavior diffs between sexes

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William James

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helped find functionalism
-book = principals of psychology
-influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection
- beleieved consciousness = continuous flow of thoughts

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natural selection

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heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed down to other generations and are thus "Selected" over time because they are beneficial

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why structuralism failed/major contributions

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- different info at diff labs was gathered fromthe same experiences
- no longer objective/scientific
**first attempt at major school of psychology

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Freu's definition of the unconscious

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thoughts, memories, desires that are below the surface of conscious awareness yet still have influence on our behavior

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Psychoanalytic theory

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attempts to explain personality, motication, mental disorders by focusing on unsciousness determinants of behavior
- hence = peoplea renot masters of their own minds
- behavior is infleucned by how people cope with sexual urges

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third school of psychology

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- posed by John watson- -- behaviorism/S-R Stimulus=theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observeable behavior
- rejected structuralism/functionalism

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john watson

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-founder of behavioralism
-believed psychs should abandon study of consciousness( b/c they were private events) and focus on observations they could observe
- rested on verifiability
- nature v. nurture - was behavior determined by genetics or experience?
* watson says behaviors governed by experiences!

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Behavior

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any overt response or activity by an organism

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operational defintion

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-behaviorism
- a precise statement
-ex. hunger is the number of hours of deprived food

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pavlov

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- dogs could be trained to salivate in response to food
- insight as to how stimulus-response bonds are formed

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Pavlo'v new definition of psychology

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an attempt to relate overt behaviors to observeable events

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Fourth school of thought

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-psychoanalysis
-freud
-emphasizes recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defense through techniques such as free association and transference

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free association

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no time to repress what one is thinking/say waht they feel

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interference of dreams

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sbconscious way of trying to get out

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Fifth school of psychology

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-gestalt- the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
-v. structuralist method at looking at each individual part
-contect makes a difference in our perception

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applied psychology

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every day psychology concerened with everyday /practical problems

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clinical psychology

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concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems/disorders

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cognition

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mental processes incolced in aquiring knowledge
- involved thinking of conscious experience

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evolutionary psychology

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behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over a course of many generations
- natural selection

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positive psychology

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theory/research to better understand positive/adaptive/creative/fulfilling aspects of human existence
- three areas of interest: positive emotions, positive individual traits, positive institutions/communities