Psyc Ch 12 & 13

Front 1

Gender

Back 1

the psychological and social dimension of being female of male

Front 2

Gender Roles

Back 2

sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, or feel.

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Evolutionary Psychology Theory

Back 3

Emphasizes that adaptation during the evolution of humans produce psychological differences between males and females. In this theory, primarily because of their differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced different pressures as they were evolving.

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Male contribution to the Evolutionary Psychology Theory

Back 4

in having multiple seual liaisons,improve the likelihood that males will pass on their genes, natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies. These males competed with other males to acquire more resources in order to access females.

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Female contribution to the Evolutionary Psychology Theory

Back 5

their contributions to the gene pool was improved by securing resources for their off sprindg, which was promoted by obtaining long-term mates who could support a family. As a consequences, who could provide their offspring with resources and protection.

Front 6

Social Role Theory

Back 6

Eagly's theory that psychological gender differences are caused by the contrasting social roles of women and men.

Front 7

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Back 7

stems from Freud's view that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, than at 5 to 6 years of age, renounce the attraction because of anxious feelings, subsequently identifying with the same sex parent and unconsciously adopting the same sex parent's characteristics.

Front 8

Social Cognitive Theory of gender

Back 8

the idea that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through rewards, punishment for gender, appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Front 9

Cognitive Theories

Back 9

1) Cognitive developmental theory of gender
2) Gender schema theory

Front 10

Cognitive developmental Theory of Gender

Back 10

states that children's gender typing occurs after children think of themselves as boy or girl. Once they consistently conceive themselves as male or female, children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label

Front 11

Gender Schema Theory

Back 11

states that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture. Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing schemas.

Front 12

Gender Sterotypes

Back 12

are general beliefs about females and males.
examples- men are powerful, women are weak ect...

Front 13

Broverman Classic study find

Back 13

in 1970 it assessed which traits and behaviors college students believed where characteristic of females and which they believed were characteristic of males.

Front 14

Stereotyping & Culture

Back 14

Males: were widely believed to be dominant, independent, aggressive, achievement oriented, and enduring.
Female: were widely believed to be nurturing, affiliative, less esteemed, and more helpful in times of distress.

Front 15

Gender Stereotypes and Ethnicity

Back 15

people link certain characteristics with men and women from different ethnic groups. Thus, people not only may have a stereotype people on the basis of gender and ethnicity.

Front 16

Sexim

Back 16

prejudice and discrimination against and individual because of his or her sex.

Front 17

Gender Similarities and Differences.

Back 17

1) physical
2) cognitive
3) socioemotional

Front 18

Physical Similarities and differences
(Women)

Back 18

Women, have about twice the body fat of men, most concentrated around breast and hips. stop growing at puberty, longer life, less likely to develop physical or mental disorders, more resistant to infection, and blood vessels are more elastic

Front 19

Physical Similarities and differences
(Males)

Back 19

Fat is more likely to go to the abdomen, grow 10% taller, have higher levels of stress hormones, which cause faster clotting and higher blood pressure.

Front 20

Cognitive similarities and differences

Back 20

MALES: have better math and visuospatial skills
FEMALES: have better verbal abilities than males.

Front 21

Socioemotional similarities and differences

Back 21

how males and females relate to each other as people, how they deal with things on an social but emotional matter

Front 22

Verbal Aggresion

Back 22

such as yelling, females are often as aggressive or even more aggressive than males

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Relational aggression

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involves such behaviors as spreading malicious rumors in order to get other to dislike a child or ignoring someone
males usually show less self regulation of emotions and behavior than females, and this self control can translate into behavioral problems.

Front 24

Androgyny

Back 24

the presence of a high degree of feminine and masculine characteristics in the same
individual

Front 25

Bem Sex-Role Inventory:
what are the 4 gender role orientation

Back 25

1) masculine
2) feminine
3) androgynous
4) undifferentiated

Front 26

Androgynous individual

Back 26

is a female or a male who has a high degree of both feminine (expressive) and masculine(instrumental) trates

Front 27

Feminine individual

Back 27

is high of feminine (expressive) traits and low masculine(instrumental) traits

Front 28

Masculine individual

Back 28

is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits

Front 29

undifferentiated person

Back 29

is low on both feminine and masculine traits

Front 30

Gender role transcendence

Back 30

thinking about ourselves and others as people, not as masculine, feminine, or androgynous.

Front 31

women's status around the world

Back 31

in much of the world, people's lives are governed b traditional gender roles that assign a subordinate status to women

Front 32

Women and Politics

Back 32

too often women are treated as burdens rather than assets, especially in developing countries, women marry early and quickly have many children

Front 33

Women and work

Back 33

work around the world is more limiting and narrow than men;s. more likely to have low pay, low status and little security

Front 34

women and education

Back 34

canada, U.S and Russia have the highest percentages of educated women

Front 35

Ethnic Minority Women in the United States

Back 35

these women have experienced the double jeopardy of racism and sexism. in addition, women form ethnic minority groups may be especially likely to find themselves caught in a conflict about gender roles.

Front 36

Asian American Women

Back 36

the attitudes toward gender roles found in the mainstream culture clash with the traditions of their ancestors.

Front 37

Women in traditional Mexican families

Back 37

women assume the expressive role of homemaker and caretaker of children

Front 38

Women's Psychological Health

Back 38

face some special stressors because they are women, victims of domestic violence, and rape, women who experience frequent sexism have more symptoms of depression, anxiety and body complaints.

Front 39

Problem among women

Back 39

1) dissatisfaction with their bodies leading to
2) cosmetic surgery,

Front 40

What women do to cope with stress

Back 40

is reduced when they receive social support, tend to engage in nurturing and protective behaviors that seek alliances with others when faced wit stressful situations

Front 41

Adjustment Strategies for women

Back 41

1) recognize your competencies
2) pay attention to developing your self as well as your relationships
3)Don't put up with sexism

Front 42

Human Sexual response pattern

Back 42

Master & Johnson Developed this concept to describe 4 phases of physiological responses as

Front 43

Psychological Health in Women

Back 43

women face special stressors because they are women,
Victims of domestic violence and rape.
Dissatisfaction with their bodies translates into dieting and other weight control practices.

Front 44

Adjustment Strategies for Women

Back 44

1) Recognize you competencies
2) Pay attention to developing your self as well as your relationship
3) don't put up with sexism

Front 45

Human Sexual response pattern

Back 45

Masters and Johnson developed this concept to describe four phases of physiological responses as individuals masturbated or had sexual intercourse
1) excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution

Front 46

Excitement phase

Back 46

begins erotic responsiveness, lasts for several minutes to several hours depending on the nature of the sex play.

Front 47

Plateau phase

Back 47

is a continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement phase

Front 48

Orgasm phase

Back 48

last only for 3 to 15 seconds. involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intense pleasurable feeling.

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Resolution phase

Back 49

in which blood vessels return to their normal state

Front 50

Hormones

Back 50

Estrogen
Androgens

Front 51

Esrogen

Back 51

predominate in females and are produced by the ovaries

Front 52

Androgens

Back 52

predominate in males and are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both male and females

Front 53

Pheromones

Back 53

are scented substances that are powerful sexual attractants in some animals.

Front 54

Sexual scripts

Back 54

Stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually

Front 55

Traditional religious script

Back 55

sex is accepted only within marriage, extramarital sex is taboo, especially for women, sex means reproduction and sometimes affecion.

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romantic script

Back 56

sex is synonymous with love

Front 57

Gender and sexual motivation

Back 57

females, more than males, cite bein in loe as he main reason for being sexually active,
Males, the male sexual script emphasizes sexual conquest, higher status tend to accrue to males who can claim substantial sexual activity

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Double Standard

Back 58

a belief that many sexual activities are acceptable for males but are not for females.

Front 59

Sexual orintation

Back 59

an enduring attraction toward members of one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or members of the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Front 60

Lesbian's

Back 60

sexual fantasies are more likely than gay men's to be personal and romantic,
have fewer sex partners than ay men,
have less permissive attitudes about casual sex and sex outside a primary relationship than gay men.

Front 61

Bisexual

Back 61

a person who is sexually attracted to people of both sexes

Front 62

Sexual Communication

Back 62

is both verbal and nonverbal

Front 63

Strategies for Effective Communication in Sexual Relationship

Back 63

1) Understand that it is normal to feel uncomfortable talking about sex with a partner
2) take responsibility for your sexual needs
3) Learn about your partner's sexual needs
4) criticize constructively
5) handle criticism effectively
6) if you mean no say no
7) pay attention to nonverbal cues

Front 64

Sexual Myths

Back 64

1) men need large penis to satisfy a woman
2) male and female orgasm are absolutely necessary for satisfaction
3) that intercourse is the only real sexual act
4) that good sex has to be spontaneous
5) that for men to have questions, doubts or problems with sex is virtual a crime

Front 65

Sex Education

Back 65

a large majority of U.S. adolescents say they cannot talk freely about sex with their parents, most U.S. parents prefer to let schools do the job of educating their children about sex. U.S. Sex education typically has focused on the hazards of sex and the need to protect adolescent females form male predators

Front 66

Contraception

Back 66

oral, condoms, diaphragm, spermicides, IUD,Norplant, Depo-provera, Ortho Evra, Preven, Tubal ligation, vasectomy.

Front 67

Most popular among older adolescents and adults

Back 67

Pill or diaphragam

Front 68

Most popular among younger adolescents

Back 68

most likely to use condoms or withdraw.

Front 69

Psychosexual dysfunction's

Back 69

disorders that involve impairments in the sexual response pattern, either in the desire for gratification or the inability to achieve it.

Front 70

Treatment for Psychosexual Dysfunctions

Back 70

women are encouraged to enjoy their bodies and engage in self stimulation to orgasm, with a vibrator.
Men are given meds such as Viagra

Front 71

Paraphilas

Back 71

are psychosexual disorders in which the source of an individual's satisfaction is an unusual object, ritual, or situation.

Front 72

Types of Paraphilas

Back 72

Fetishism,transvestism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism pedophilia

Front 73

Fetishism

Back 73

is a psychosexual disorder in which an individual relies-on inanimate objects or a specific body part for sexual gratification.

Front 74

Transvestism

Back 74

is a psychosexual disorder in which an individual obtains sexual gratification by dressing up as a member of the opposite sex

Front 75

Exhibitionism

Back 75

is a psychosexual disorder in which individuals expose their sexual anatomy to others to obtain sexual gratification

Front 76

voyerism

Back 76

is a psychosecual disorder in which individuals derive sexual gratification from observing the sex organs or sex acts of others, often from a secret vantage point

Front 77

Sadism

Back 77

is a psychosexual disorder in which individuals derive sexual gratification form inflicting pain on others.

Front 78

Masochism

Back 78

is a psychosexual disorder in which individuals derives exual gratification from being subjected to physical pain inflicted by others or themselves

Front 79

Pedophilia

Back 79

is a psychosexual disorder in which the sex object is a child and the intimacy involves manipulating the child's genitals

Front 80

Transexualism

Back 80

is a disorder of gender identity in which individual has an overwhelming desire to become a member of the opposite sex

Front 81

Sexually transmitted infections
STI

Back 81

are disease that are contracted primarily through sexual contact

Front 82

Gonorrhea

Back 82

is an bacterium STI which thrives in the mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra, and anal tract, spread by contact between the infected moist membranes of one individual and the membranes of another.

Front 83

Syphilis

Back 83

caused by bacterium, spread by penile-baginal, oral genital, or anal contact

Front 84

Chlamydia

Back 84

caused by bacterium spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes

Front 85

Genital Herpes

Back 85

caused by a large family of viruses with different strains, produce no sexually transmitted infections, there is no cure

Front 86

HPV
Human Papillomavirus

Back 86

a virus that causes genital warts

Front 87

AIDS

Back 87

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus which destroys the body's immune system

Front 88

Strategies for protecting against STI's

Back 88

1) know your and your partner's risk status
2) obtain medical examinations
3) have protected, protected sex
4) don't have sex with multiple partners

Front 89

Rape

Back 89

is forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent

Front 90

Date or acquaintance rape

Back 90

coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the victim is at least casually acquainted

Front 91

Sexual Harassment

Back 91

takes many forms, remarks, physical contact, to blatant proposition and sexual assaults

Front 92

Incest

Back 92

sex between people who are close relatives, usually a universal taboo