Psyc 334 Test 2

Front 1

Outcome of an interaction?

Back 1

Rewards - costs = outcome

Front 2

What is the CL and CL(alt) in Interdependence Theory?

Back 2

1. We all have a personal CL (Comparison Level), which is what we expect and feel we deserve in our dealings w/t others. Example: I expect a “good morning” text. I compare my outcome to what I expect...

2. Outcome - CL = [our level of relationship satisfaction] Example: if my outcome is a good morning text, and so is my CL, my satisfaction is 0. But if my CL was no-text, my satisfaction is 1 (high).

3. We all have a personal CL(alt), which is our comparison level to our perceived alternatives.

4. Outcome - CL(alt) = [level of dependence on our relationship] Example: I get a good morning text, but elsewhere I’d get one also... I’m not dependent. **note: if CL(alt) is not at least met, we leave.

Front 3

What are the 4 types of relationships in interdependence theory?

Back 3

1. Happy, stable - our outcomes exceed our CL (so we are happy) and our CL(alt) (so we will stay...we are stable).

2. Happy, unstable - our outcomes exceed our CL (so we are happy), but not our CL(alt) (so we are unstable/independent)

3. Stable, unhappy - our outcomes exceed our CL(alt), but fall below our CL (we are unhappy, but have no better alternative...so we stay) but if they’d fall further—I.e. below our CL(alt), we’d be...

4. ....Unstable, unhappy - not only does our outcomes fall below our CL, they also fall below our CL(alt). TL;DR: I’m leaving 💨

Front 4

4 types of relationships (pictures!!)

Back 4

Back (Definition)

Front 5

Is our relationship level stable?

Back 5

No! There is fluctuation.

Front 6

If we are to stay satisfied in a relationship, our rewards need to outnumber our costs by_______. These rewards refer to________rewards.

Back 6

5 to 1.

Communication.

Front 7

As a marriage get older, does satisfaction go up or down?

Back 7

It tends to go down b/c our CL of a marriage starts high, but then goes down when faced with reality.

(Also has something to do with schemas) [?]

Front 8

What happens to rewards and costs over time?

Back 8

Rewards go down, costs up.

Why?

1. We get lazy

2. Interdependency is a magnifying glass 🔍 (conflicts: more consequential & annoyances: more aggravating)

3. Access to weaponry ⚔️

4. Unrealistic expectations, ex: having children won’t “solve” everything...

Front 9

Diff. b/w economic theories and relationship theories?

Back 9

Econ: money - means to our needs

Relationships: deals directly

w/t our needs!

Front 10

What is an exchange relationship?

Back 10

A relationship in which it is expected that every benefit be repaid equally.

Front 11

What is a communal relationship?

Back 11

A relationship in which benefits are provided simply because the receiving party needs or wants those benefits.

Front 12

How is it determined whether a relationship is communal or exchange based?

Back 12

Norms.

Ex: there is a communal norm in parent child relationships and an exchange norm in boss-worker relationships.

Front 13

Criticism of Margaret Clarke’s communal vs. exchange relationship theory?

Back 13

1. Communal relationship are just more nuanced and long term forms of exchange relationships... they are “old wine in new bottles.”

2. Also, most communal relationships have a ceiling that we will not shatter w/o an exchange. Ex: I’ll give a stranger directions, but not a ride.

Hint 13

Old wine in new bottles & the glass ceiling

Front 14

What is an equity relationship?

Back 14

Similar to an exchange relationship, but benefits are expected to be repaid proportionally, not equally.

Hint 14

Equity sounds like equal but it’s not.... it’s__________.

Front 15

Qualities of good friendships?

Back 15

They are intimate so...

1. Respect

2. Trust

3. Responsiveness

4. Capitalization!!!

Hint 15

R.T.R.C

Front 16

Steps of capitalization?

Back 16

1. Something good happens to you

2. You tell your friend

3. Your friend is happy

4. You capitalize on your friend’s happiness for you. I.e. you are now even happier about the good thing that happened.

Front 17

What are the 3 types of social support?

Back 17

1. Material - money/goods

2. Emotional - affection/acceptance

3. practical advice - info/guidance

Hint 17

Related to coping strategies...

Front 18

Which idea is correlated w/t ideas of friendship across the life cycle?

Back 18

Attachment theory

Front 19

What does our “primary attachment” figure provide us w/t?

Back 19

1. A safe haven

2. A secure touch-base

Hint 19

Related to home and leaving home ...

Front 20

Who is our primary attachment figure?

Back 20

Usually, it starts off as our parent but as we grow older, it changes to a friend (or we wish it did).

However, our primary attachment figure is anyone who satisfies the 2 criteria of providing a safe haven and a touch base.

Front 21

Do young adults have a large social network?

Back 21

Yes, but they are also the loneliest group in the US.

Front 22

Do middle aged people have a large social network?

Back 22

Yes, but it’s mostly comprised of in-laws, family, family friends... which relates to another point: dyadic withdrawal: 2 people retreat (from their friends) into their intimate relationship.

Hint 22

There are 2 ds in middle and in_________.

Front 23

What is socio-emotional selectivity theory?

Back 23

As time horizons shrink, people become more selective... so: old people tend to focus and enjoy pre-existing relationships.

Hint 23

Shrinking horizons... “don’t meet up at the end, they set out together”

Front 24

In the US, which age group is the most lonely?

Back 24

Young adult, heterosexual males.

Front 25

What are the two types of loneliness?

Back 25

1. Emotional - no emotional support, usually this means: no romantic partner/close bond

w/t 1 person.

2. Social - no network of friends

Front 26

Why are young heterosexual males the most lonely group in the US?

Back 26

1. norms: men less expressive friendships than girls

2. Less expression = emotional needs not met = loneliness

Hint 26

Think norms and expressivity

Front 27

What is loneliness?

Back 27

A feeling that our “need to belong” isn’t being met.

Front 28

Shyness?

Back 28

A state of fear (can be chronic or temporary) of how others will react—i.e. judge—our actions. Results in: avoidant behaviors which result in in-coding, encoding miscommunication.

Front 29

How to not be shy?

Back 29

Smile, use their name, get them to talk about themselves

Front 30

Draw out Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 💕

Back 30

Back (Definition)

Hint 30

Start with the bottom, fat part of the triangle...

Front 31

What is the definition of love?

Back 31

An strong, positive attitude we have about a person, that involves emotions.

(An attitude is an evaluation of an object—it’s a cognitive state.)

Example: I think this person is really cool. Therefore, I love them.

Front 32

What is an emotion?

Back 32

A short affective state (i.e. a mood) that immediately triggers a specific physiological response.

Front 33

What are the 3 building blocks of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

Back 33

1. Intimacy (feelings of warmth and understanding) (emotional)

2. Passion (physical)

3. Commitment (cognitive)

Front 34

What is the two-factor theory of romantic love?

Back 34

Two factors need to be present for it to be romantic love:

1. There is a physiological arousal (not ness. sexual); it can come from any source.

2. You believe the source is that person you are in love with.

**note: it’s possible you are correct

Front 35

Which type of Love is associated w/t long, satisfying marriages?

Back 35

Companionate Love

(They see each other as friends...companions)

Front 36

What are two ways to think about the “styles of loving”?

Back 36

1. They describe a relationship

2. They describe a personality

Front 37

What are the 6 Greek styles of loving?

Back 37

1. Eros: erotic, sexual

2. Ludus: playful

3. Storge: love that emphasizes friendship and commitment

4. Mania: cognitive obsession with that person; limerence

5. Agape: altruistic

6. Pragma: Love for pragmatic reasons

Hint 37

The “S.a.m.p.e.l” Styles of Love

Diff love in diff samples...

Front 38

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Back 38

Criteria:

1. Person feels different

2. Person is not different

3. Everyone else also feels different, even though they’re not.

Hint 38

What criteria need to be met for it to be considered P.I.

Front 39

Consequences of pluralistic ignorance?

Back 39

1. Feelings of alienation

2. Motivation to assimilate into the perceived norm (e.g. hookups) **this is bad b/c it could lead to health issues.

Hint 39

Aliens 👽 want to assimilate into earth

Front 40

What are the 3 aspects of sexual orientation?

Back 40

1. Identity

2. Attraction

3. Behavior

Front 41

Do males or females have a higher sex drive?

Back 41

Males

Front 42

What is “relational evaluation”?

Back 42

The degree to which our partner considers our relationship w/t us to be important.

Hint 42

The degree to which...

Front 43

Draw the continuum of “relational evaluation”

Back 43

Maximal inclusion——————————ambivalence———————maximal exclusion

Front 44

Re relational evaluation, which hurts more: maximal exclusion or ambivalence?

Back 44

The truth is, they hurt about the same :’(

Front 45

What is betrayal?

Back 45

[Someone you trust] + [they do something hurtful to you*] + [you didn’t expect it] = [you feel betrayed]

*it doesn’t need to be on purpose

Hint 45

Betrayal

Front 46

Why is betrayal inevitable? (2 reasons)

Back 46

1. The third schema includes “rules” that our partner doesn’t know about, so they will inevitably break them.*

2. Competing demands of different relationships

*the third schema is like a melting pot... except...

Hint 46

Melting pot

Front 47

Are frequent and intentional betrayers happy?

Back 47

No

Front 48

Who betrays more, males or females?

Minorities or whites?

Back 48

Same

Whites

Front 49

What do betrayal, jealousy and ostracism have in common?

Back 49

They are hurtful and painful!

Hint 49

It’s obvious...

Front 50

Coping w/t betrayal?

Back 50

1. Acknowledge it!

2. See it as an opportunity for growth

3. Seek support from your friends (that is, if you still have any).

Front 51

Define jealousy

Back 51

Hurt or loss that results from a perceived threat from a real or imagined rival.

Hint 51

Rival...

Front 52

What are the two types of jealousy?

Back 52

1. You react - there is a rival, so you react

2. You suspect - you suspect a rival ... you don’t react, you just wallow in suspicion

Hint 52

They are implied in the def. of jealousy

Front 53

How do women react to being jealous?

Back 53

They try to improve the relationship

Front 54

How do men react to being jealous?

Back 54

They try to protect their ego.

Front 55

How do women think men react to being jealous?

Back 55

The same as them—they think men, when jealous, will try to improve the relationship.

Front 56

What do women do when they want to inspire their (male) partner to improve the relationship?

Back 56

Given the way they react to being jealous (ie women), they make their partner jealous (hoping that’ll inspire them...little do they know [insert long evil laugh]).

Front 57

Coping with jealousy?

Back 57

Self reliance and self bolstering

Front 58

Define deception and lying

Back 58

Intentional behavior* of one person intended to create a false impression in another person.

*direct: lying; indirect: deception.

Front 59

Can practicing “catching” liars “make perfect”?

Back 59

No!*

*unless you know person well and you know their past lies were lies... than maybe...

Front 60

Who lies the most?

Back 60

Undergraduates - in both directions

Hint 60

Think of your li...

Front 61

What relationships tend to have the biggest lies? Why?

Back 61

Intimate ones*

They want to keep the relationship together... at all costs.

*scary 😢😢😢

Front 62

What is deceiver’s distrust?

Back 62

A lier thinks their partner lies just as much as them.*

*makes sense, considering the 3rd schema

Front 63

Is the “truth bias” beneficial?

Back 63

To the relationship, yes.

To the person, maybe not.

Front 64

Why does the truth bias develop?

Back 64

It is born out of mutual trust

Front 65

Define forgiveness

Back 65

A cognitive state in which you give up your “right” to retaliate

Front 66

Is forgiveness beneficial? Why?

Back 66

Yes, for you and your relationship.

Because it decreases rumination/brooding, which are unhealthy.

Front 67

What are 2 things that may make forgiveness easier?

Back 67

1. The offender apologizes

2. The offended can empathize

Hint 67

An action from one party...

A cognition from the other...

Front 68

Attachment Styles (picture!!)

Back 68

Front 69

What is the definition of a hookup?

Back 69

A sexual* encounter that does not include expectations that it will turn into a lasting romantic relationship.

*sexual or sex

Front 70

What is an advantage of the secure attachment style?

Back 70

They are most likely to experience more passion, intimacy and commitment.

Hint 70

Re love

Front 71

What is ostracism a form of?

Back 71

Betrayal.

Front 72

What are the 4 horsemen of the apocalypse?

Back 72

1. Criticism

2. Contempt

3. Defensiveness

4. Stonewalling

Hint 72

CCDS

Front 73

What is the “self expansional model of human motivation”?

Back 73

We are attracted to partners that expand our interests, skills and experiences

Front 74

What is relational turbulence?

Back 74

A period of adjustment and turmoil as new partners become accustomed to their increasing interdependence.*

*this is to be expected

Front 75

What is the investment model?

Back 75

Satisfaction = increased commitment

If quality of alternatives is high=decreased commitment

Size of one’s investments in relationship are big = increased commitment

All of the above = relationship stability

Front 76

Investment model (picture)

Back 76

Back (Definition)

Front 77

What are the 3 types of commitment?

Back 77

1. Personal

2. Constraint

3. Moral

Hint 77

PCM