Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the field of social cognition study? |
How people think about the social world and arrive at judgments that help them interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future |
|
|
Are our thin sliced impressions accurate when we have minimal information? |
Quite high in validity |
|
|
What is pluralistic ignorance? |
People acting in ways that conflict with their private beliefs because of a concern for the social consequences even when others may feel the same way |
|
|
What's the self-fulfilling prophecy? |
Our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behavior we expect from others |
|
|
What two factors affect secondhand information? |
Ideological distortions - subconscious/conscious beliefs that change the way people tell things Overemphasizing bad news |
|
|
What are the two types of order effects? |
Primacy effect - Thing ordered first impacts how we see the second thing Recency effect - Last items come to mind easier |
|
|
Order effects are a type of ____ effect |
Framing effect - Judgment resulting from the way information is presented, such as the order of presentation or the wording |
|
|
What is spin framing? What is positive/negative framing? |
Framing things differently to make them look more favourable -- low price = savings Framing something positively -- 80% lean |
|
|
What is temporal framing? |
Thinking about actions and events within a particular time perspective -- thinking something was a good idea earlier, but not later |
|
|
What is construal level theory? |
The temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications for how they construe them |
|
|
What is confirmation bias? |
Testing a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it |
|
|
What are the two types of schema processes to understand new information? What type of ______ driven? |
Top-down processes -- Forming conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the environment Data driven Bottom-up processes -- filtering and interpreting new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations Theory driven |
|
|
What four things to schemas influence? |
Attention Memory Construal Behaviour |
|
|
How do schemas affect attention? Ex? |
Selective attention -- basketball/gorilla experiment |
|
|
What two ways do schemas affect memory? |
Encoding -- Filing information away in memory based on what information is attended to and the initial interpretation of the information Retrieval -- The extraction of information from memory |
|
|
How do schemas affect construal? |
When a stimulus is ambiguous, we heavily rely on top-down processes to compensate for the inadequacies of the information obtained from the bottom up |
|
|
In what two ways do schemas affect behaviour? Ex.? |
Priming -- The presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question Listing old people schema words causing people to subconsciously act older Priming specific people of a particular group causes behaviour contrasting the stereotype |
|
|
In what four ways are schemas activated and applied? |
Recent activation Frequent activation/chronic accessibility -- often activation causes those schemas to be more present in the person's mind Consciousness of activation -- subliminal stimulus do still have an effect Expectations -- Expectation primes the schema, schema is applied at the slightest hint that it's applicable |
|
|
What two systems of judgement are used when making a selection (ex the red marble/white marble experiment) |
Intuitive system running in parallel Rational system running in serial |
|
|
What are heuristics? |
Intuitive mental operations, performed quickly and automatically, that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgment |
|
|
What's the availability heuristic? What's the representative heuristic? |
Judging the frequency or probability of some event by how readily pertinent instances come to mind. Categorizing something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category |
|
|
What is fluency? Ex? |
The ease/difficulty associated with information processing A clear image is easy to process, or fluent. An irregular word (like imbroglio) is hard to process, or disfluent |
|
|
What is base-rate information? How does it relate to the representative heuristic? |
Relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in a population We're blind to it |
|
|
What's the planning fallacy? |
People being unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a particular project, even when fully aware that they have often failed to complete similar projects on time in the past |
|
|
How does the representative heuristic affect cause and effect? Ex.? |
People look for and accept causal relationships where like go with like Small causes with small effects "Eating boar = aggressive peoples Eating turtles = calm peoples" |
|
|
What happens when the availability and representative heuristic operate simultaneously? |
Illusory correlation -- Believing two variables are correlated when they're not A judgment of representativeness leads us to expect an association between the two things, and this expectation makes instances in which they are paired unusually memorable |
