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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is development?
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A process of age related changes across the lifespan, changes in growth, feelings, patterns of thinking
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6 assumptions of lifespan perspective
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1. is lifelong
2. multidimensional 3. multidirectional 4. highly plastic 5. embedded in multiple contexts 6. involves growth, maintenance, and regulation against loss |
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age graded influences
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influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
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history graded influences
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similar for individuals in a certain generation at a formative time in their lives- forces that shape us(cultural norms)
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nonnormative influences
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unusual occurrences- major impact but not applicable to many people (hyper pigmentation boy)
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development is multidimensional
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multiple forces (biological, psychological, social)
multiple domains (physical, cognitive, psychosocial) |
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definition: stages
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qualitative changes in thinking, feeling and behaving that characterize specific periods of development
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definition: theory
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior.
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function: theory
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provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people, guiding and giving meaning to what we see.
theories verified by research provide a sound basis for practical action understand development improve the welfare of children and adults |
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continuous vs discontinuous development
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a gradual change over time vs spurts of change with periods of little change.
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view of the developing person: organismic vs. mechanistic theories
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organismic- change stimulated from within, active development
mechanistic- change stimulated by environment, passive development |
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view of the determinants of development: nature vs. nurture
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nature-genetic inborn qualities
nurture- learning and experience |
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Freud's psychosexual theory
components |
Id- samantha, gratification
Ego- miranda, rational Superego- charlotte, moral, ethical |
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Definition: psychosexual theory:
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how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
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Definition: Erickson's psychosocial theory
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covers lifespan, roles of social interactions and culture,
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definition: ego identity
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a basic sense of who we are as individuals in terms of self concept and self image
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freud vs erickson
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more emphasis on ego than on id- ego identity
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contributions and weakness of psychoanalytic theory
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- emphasis on individual's unique life history
-case studies -psychosexual stages and ego functioning too vague-can't be tested |
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Behaviorism:
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Watson
adults can mold children's behavior by carefully controlling stimulus response associations. development is continuous. |
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Social cognitive theory:
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children observe, think and imitate but become selective as they develop self efficacy.
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Operant conditioning theory:
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Behavior changes by use of reinforcers or punishment
A form of behaviorism |
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Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory:
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nature of child-scientist
nature of change-learning stages assimilation- incorporate new info accommodation- existing knowledge changes |
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contributions and limitations of piaget
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encouraged further study of children learning
children are more capable than he thought discovery learning vs. adult teaching |
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information processing theory
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the human mind is a symbol manipulating system, like a computer
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developmental cognitive neuroscience
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information processing research
the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns. Definition: sensitive period |
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definition: sensitive period
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a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge, especially responsive to environmental influences
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evolutionary developmental psychology and ethology
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seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as those competencies change with age
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Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development
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cognitive development is socially mediated, how culture is transmitted
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ecological systems perspective
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person develops within a multi layered system of relationships
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Bronfenbrenner’s 5 systems
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microsystem-, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
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microsystem
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persons immediate environment
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mesosystem
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connections between micronystem
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exosystem
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outside contexts that affect microsystem- parents, friends
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macrosystem
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cultural laws, values, customs
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chronosystem
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temporal component, change over lifecourse and history
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correlational studies
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information on individuals is gathered and they look for relatinoships
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correlation coefficient
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a number that describes how two measures or variables are associated with one another
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field experiment
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participants are randomly assigned to treatment conditions in natural settings
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natural or quasi experiment
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treatments that already exist, participants are carefully chosen to have similar characteristics
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genotype
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genetic makeup
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phenotype
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observable characteristics
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cohort effects
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individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions
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genes
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a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosomes that contain hereditary instructions
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autosomes
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regular pairs, 22/23 pairs
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chromosomes- function and nature
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rodlike structures inside cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic info- 23 pairs in each cell
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sex chromosomes
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23rd pair, determine sex of child
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allele
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a single copy of a gene, 2 copies are inherited from each parent.
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gametes
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sex cells, sperm and ovum
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meiosis
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cell division to create gametes with half chromosomes
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homozygous/heterozygous
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alleles in pair are the same of different
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dominant-recessive
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dominant gene in pair overrides recessive gene
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X-linked inheritance
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recessive gene is carried on x chromosome, men are more likely to inherit
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genomic imprinting
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genes are chemically marked or modified and will behave differently depending on whether they came from mother or father
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polygenic inheritance
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multiple genes interact to produce characteristic
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mutation
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a sudden change in a segment of DNA
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sex chromosomes
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23rd pair, determine sex of child
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allele
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a single copy of a gene, 2 copies are inherited from each parent.
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gametes
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sex cells, sperm and ovum
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meiosis
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cell division to create gametes with half chromosomes
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homozygous/heterozygous
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alleles in pair are the same of different
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dominant-recessive
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dominant gene in pair overrides recessive gene
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X-linked inheritance
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recessive gene is carried on x chromosome, men are more likely to inherit
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genomic imprinting
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genes are chemically marked or modified and will behave differently depending on whether they came from mother or father
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polygenic inheritance
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multiple genes interact to produce characteristic
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mutation
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a sudden change in a segment of DNA
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in vitro fertilization
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woman without male partner with donor sperm
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surrogate motherhood
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woman infertile, mans sperm used to inseminate a surrogate
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adoption
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children have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children, increases with child's age at time of adoption
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heritability estimates
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reflect the amount of variation in genotypic effects compared to variation in environmental effects.
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kinship studies
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examine patterns of behaviors and traits in family members, family studies, adoption studies and twin studies
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concordance studies
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percentages of instances in which both twins show a trait when it is present in one twin
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monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins
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two ova or 1 ovum fertilized and split
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range of reaction
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potential variability, depending on environment conditions in the expression of a trait, individuals differ
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canalization
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limitation on the variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics, traits differ in malleability
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passive genotype/environment correlations
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parents provide environment influenced by own heredity
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evocative genotype/environment correlations
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different genetically based attributes evoke certain responses
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niche-picking/active correlations
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individuals seek out environments most compatible with their genetic predispositions
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effects of poverty
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children are often among poor, poverty stress weakens family system, crisis, inadaquete housing, negative role models
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design/findings from Meaningful Differences
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looked at associations between family interactions patterns and vocabulary growth rates
42 american families, 1 hr/month for 2 years verbal accomplishment age 3 and 9-10 assesed verbal intelligence, depended on socieoeconomic status, talking to child at early age |
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developmental niche
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the interaction of components that affects what goes on within the microsystem and determines the unique world of the child
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Findings of Crystal & Stevenson (1995)
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each culture had different values of what made a child bad
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components of developmental niche
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everyday physical & social settings
childcare and child rearing customs overall psychology of the caregivers |
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developmental milestone: zygote
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fertilization-implantation, 2 weeks
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developmental milestone: embryo
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rapid development of body parts and systems, miscarriages, 15-20%, 2-8 weeks
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developmental milestone: fetus
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growth and finishing phase, 3 trimesters, viable at 22,
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implantation
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the ezygote adheres to the wall of uterus
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blastocyst
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hollow, fluid filled ball of cells 60-70
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embryonic disk
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cells on inside of blastocyst become new organism
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trophoblast
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cells on outside of blastocyst, become protective and nourishing
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amnion
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membrane formed by trophoblast, encloses organism in amniotic fluid
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placenta
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permits food and oxygen to reach the organism and waste products to be carried away
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umbilical cord
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1 vein and two arteries. vein brings nutrients, arteries remove waste
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neural tube
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premature spinal cord and brain
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trimester
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3 equal time periods in the 9 month prenatal period
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vernix
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white cheese, protects skin from getting chapped
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lanugo
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white hair, helps vernix stick
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age of viability
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age at which fetus can survive if born early, 22-26
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impact of:nutrition
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malnutrition can damage cns, lead to fewer brain cells, and a lower brain weight
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impact of:emotional stress
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associated with miscarriage, low birth weight, premature
less oxygen and nutrients to fetus, stress hormones |
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impact of:maternal age
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20s- best success
30s-ok after 40, increased risk for infertility, miscarriage and chromosomal defects |
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teratogens
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environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
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prevalence of birth defects
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5-8% of live births
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4 factors of teratogens
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dose length and degree of exposure, time of exposure, genetic predispositions, presence of other factors
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prescription and nonprescription medications
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aspirin- low birth weight
caffeine- low birth weight, miscarriage, withdrawal antidepressant- respiratory distress thalidomide |
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illegal drugs
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prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing difficulties and death around birth
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cigarette smoking
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low birth weight, miscarriage, prematurity, imparied heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant deatha nd asthma and cancer later in childhood
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alcohol
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mental retardation, impaired motor coordination, attention, memory and language, overactivity, slow physical growth, wide eyes, upturned nose, thin upper lip, small head
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radiation
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miscarriage, small head size, physical deformities and slow physical growth, childhood cancer, abnormal brain wave activity
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environmental pollution
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low birth weight, skin deformities, brain wave abnormalities, delayed cognitive development
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infectious disease
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mothers often transmit their disease to their child such as HIV, toxoplamosis,
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fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which includes, but is not limited to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
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paternal factors
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exposure to toxins-> poor quality sperm, some toxins attach to sperm, later paternal age
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Perinatal environment
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environment at the time of birth
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3 stages of childbirth
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1. dilation and effacement of the cervix
2. delivery of the baby 3.delivery of the placenta |
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changing notion of traditional childbirth
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past: home delivery, natural family
current: hospitals, medical event |
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impact of fetal monitoring machines
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inhibits mobility
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pain medication controversy
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may sedate baby, prolong labor and cause trouble while pushing
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Cesareans
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major surgery, expensive, spiral f medicalization, mother's psychological reaction
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Lamaze
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prepared childbirth, exercises
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doula
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trained to provide continuous physical and emotional support to the mother
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birthing centers
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combine intimacy of home birth w/ medical technology of hospital, designed to accomodate entire process
licensed midwife |
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Consequences for and caregiving of pre-term infants
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preterm who are very ill are less often held close, touched and talked to gently, isoltaed
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kangaroo care
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skin to skin contact with mom have higher mental and motor development
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Newborn’s physical appearance
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splotchy, puffy, red, babiness features have appeal
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Newborn’s physical condition
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20 inches, 7.5 lbs,
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Apgar scale
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used to asses newborn's physical condition on 5 criteria, rated 0-2:
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, reflex irratibilty |
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newborn reflexes (definition, role, examples)
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inborn automatic response to a stimuli, survival value-rooting, precursors to motor skills-stepping, homo sapien responses- moro reflex
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newborn sensory capacities
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touch present, taste and smell highly developed, hearing-prefer complex sounds like voices, vision- least mature
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visual acuity
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fineness of discrimination is limited
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sleep states (features of REM & non-REM sleep)
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non REM-body resting
REM- brain stimulation 16-18 hours sleeping |
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function of crying
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babies communicate physical needs, basic,mad and pain
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soothing techniques
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swaddling-wrapping in blanket, lifiting on shoulder and rocking
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cephalocaudal trend
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head to tail growth
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proximodistal trend
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center of body outward growth
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synaptic pruning
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death of unused synapses
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brain plasticity
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areas of brain aren't commited to specific functions
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How environment stimulates brain development.
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quality of neural development is shaped by experiences, experience is chief architect
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Sensitive periods in brain development
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First two years of life
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Issues of timing and mechanism, upside and downside
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upside-malleable early brain can recover from strokes
downside- unders timulation during critical years |
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experience-expectant brain growth
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the young brain's rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences, opportunities to see and touch objects and to hear language and other sounds
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experience-dependent brain growth
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occurs throught life, additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures
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6 benefits of breast milk over formula
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correct balance of fat and protein, complete nutrition, protection against disease, digestibility, smoother transition to solid foods, cheaper, safer, cancer protection for mothers
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why formula is considered
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medical reasons, historical trends, societal structures
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nonorganic failure to thrive
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a growth disorder that results from lack of parental love, present at 18 months. show signs of marasmus
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classical and operant conditioning
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neutral stimulus with a experiment stimulus creates a reflexive response
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habituation
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gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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recovery
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an increase in responsiveness caused by a change in the environment or a new stimulus
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imitation
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copying the behavior of another person
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gross motor skills vs. fine motor skills
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control over actions that help infants get around in the environment such as crawling, standing and walking
fine- smaller movements like reaching and grasping |
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visual development in infancy: depth perception
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acquire at 2-3 months, learned by motion, crawling
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visual development in infancy: pattern perception
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prefer patterned and complex, contrast sensitivity- if babies can detect a difference, prefer more contrast
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visual development in infancy: face perception
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infants prefer the human face
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contrast sensitivity
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principle that if babies can detect a difference in contrast between two patterns, they will prefer the one with more contrast
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visual cliff demonstration
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by not crossing, shows ability to percieve depth, 6 months+ won't crawl
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intermodal perception
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make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information by percieving objects and events as unified wholes
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Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and cognition
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infants think and learn about the world through their 5 senses and heir motor skills
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schemes
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psychological structures that organize experience
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adaptation
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process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
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assimilation
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external world is interpreted through existing schemes
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accommodation
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new schemes are created or old ones are adjusted to better fit the environment
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organization
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internal process of rearranging and linking schemes
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circular reaction
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means by which infants build schemes by trying to repeat chance events caused by their own motor activity
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 1
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reflexive schemes, exercising reflexes, the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 2
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primary circular reactions, first learned adaptations; circular reactions oriented towards infants own body
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 3
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secondary circular reactions, making interesting events in the environment
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 4
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coordination of secondary circular reactions, can engage in goal directed behavior, object permanence
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 5
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tertiary circular reactions, experimenting, repeating acts with variance
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Sensorimotor stage: substage 6
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mental representation, represent the world in a symbolic, conceptual manner. mental representations, play pretend
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deferred imitation
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ability to reproduce the behavior of models no longer present
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mental representation
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internal images of objects actions and events
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Alternative views of infant cognition
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infants display certain cognitive abilities earlier than piagett believed
-infants have some built in cognitive equipment for making sense of the world |
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violation-of-expectation method
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use infants heightened attention to surprise at deviations to infer underlying beliefs
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core knowledge perspective
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infants born with a rudimentary knowledge of the world, permit a ready grasp of new info and supports early and rapid development
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theory of language development: behaviorist
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children learn from imitation and reinforcement from adults
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theory of language development: nativist
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learning is a matter of mapping input onto innate linguistic knowledge
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theory of language development: interactionist
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language acheivments emerge through an interaction of innate ability and environmental influences
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imitation and feedback
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used to promote language, say "i want a cookie" "wanna cookie" and receives cookie
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babbling:
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repeat consonant vowl combinations in long strings
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child-directed speech
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a form of communicatio made up of short sentences with high pitched exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech sements and repetition of new words
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communicative gestures
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intentional behavior, to influence the behavior of others
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underextension
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apply term too narrowly
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joint attention
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infants look in the same direction as adults around 4 months
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telegraphic speech
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two word utterance, leave out smaller and less important words
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