Ch. 4 Infancy: Physical Development

Front 1

cephalocaudal development

Back 1

development from the upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body

Front 2

proximodistal development

Back 2

development from the body's central axis toward the periphery

Front 3

differentiation

Back 3

tendency of behavior and physical structures to become more specific and distinct

Front 4

weight changes

Back 4

- 5 months = double weight

- 1 year = triple weight

- 2 year = 4-7 lbs

Front 5

height changes

Back 5

- 1 year = increases 50%

- 2 year = 4-6 inches

- boys = half adult height by year 2

- girls = half adult height at 18 months

Front 6

body proportion changes

Back 6

- newborn = head is 1/4 body length; arms and legs are equal in length; each limb is 1.5x length of the head

- 1 year = neck, arms, legs grow

- 2 year = arms are longer than legs

Front 7

failure to thrive (FTT)

Back 7

disorder that impairs growth in infancy and early childhood; infant does not make normal gains in weight and size; linked to slow physical & cognitive growth, and behavioral & emotional problems

Front 8

2 types of failure to thrive (FTT)

Back 8

- organic (biologically based) = due to an underlying health problem

- nonorganic (nonbiologically based) = psychological, social, or both roots

Front 9

canalization

Back 9

the tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of growth (catch-up growth)

Front 10

infant feeding

Back 10

- from birth = breast milk or iron-fortified formula

- 4-6 months = introduce first solid food

- 9-12 months = cow's milk

- later end of 1 year = finger foods

Front 11

order of solid foods

Back 11

1. iron-enriched cereal

2. strained fruits & vegetables

3. strained meats, poultry, & fish

Front 12

ideal infant nutrition

Back 12

- need calories and some fat

- not too much high-fiber foods

- avoid added sugar & salt

- high-iron foods

Front 13

breast-feeding

Back 13

for mom:

- reduces risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer

- builds bone strength

- shrinks uterus after delivery

Front 14

neuron

Back 14

basic unit of the nervous system

Front 15

dendrites

Back 15

short fibers that extend from the cell body and receive incoming messages from up to 1,000 adjoining transmitting neurons

Front 16

axon

Back 16

extends trunk-like from the cell body and accounts for much of the difference in length in neurons

Front 17

neurotransmitters

Back 17

chemical messages released from axon terminals

Front 18

myelin sheaths

Back 18

fatty white substance tightly wrapping neurons to provide insulation from electrically charged atoms in the surrounding fluid

Front 19

myelination

Back 19

process by which axons are coated with myelin

- not complete at birth

Front 20

brain development

Back 20

- neonate = less than 1 lb

- 1 year = weight triples

Front 21

medulla

Back 21

vital in the control of basic functions like heartbeat and respiration

Front 22

cerebellum

Back 22

helps maintain balance, control motor behavior, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations

Front 23

cerebrum

Back 23

thought, memory, and language

Front 24

brain growth spurts

Back 24

- 4-5 months prenatal = neurons proliferate

- 25th week prenatal - end of 2 year = proliferation of dendrites and axon terminals

Front 25

hearing

Back 25

begins at about 6th month of pregnancy; develops until age 4 years

Front 26

vision

Back 26

begins shortly before full term; dominant sense within 5-6 months after birth

Front 27

lifting/holding the torso & head

Back 27

- neonates = move heads slightly to the side

- 1 month = raise head

- 2 months = lift chest when lying on stomach

- 3-6 months = hold their head up

Front 28

hand control

Back 28

- 3 months = clumsy swipes at objects

- 4-6 months = more successful at grasping objects; may not know how to let go; transfer objects back & forth between hands

- 11 months = can hold objects in each hand & inspect them

Front 29

grasping

Back 29

reflexive at first; replaced by 3-4 months with voluntary holding

Front 30

ulnar grasp

Back 30

holding objects clumsily between their fingers and their palm

Front 31

pincer grasp

Back 31

9-12 months; use oppositional thumb to pick up tiny objects

Front 32

block stacking

Back 32

- 15 months = 2 blocks

- 18 months = 3 blocks

- 24 months = 5 blocks

Front 33

locomotion

Back 33

movement from one place to another

Front 34

infant locomotion

Back 34

- 6 months = can roll over from back to stomach & from stomach to back

- 7 months = sit up by themselves

- 8-9 months = begin to crawl; can remain in standing position by holding onto something

- 10-11 months = pull themselves into standing position

- 12-15 months = walk by themselves (toddlers)

Front 35

visual acuity

Back 35

- newborns = extremely nearsighted (20/600)

- birth-6 months = 20/50

- 3-5 years = 20/20

Front 36

visual preferences

Back 36

- neonates = look at stripes longer than blobs; direct attention to edges of objects

- 8-12 weeks = like curved lines more than straight lines

Front 37

depth perception

Back 37

- 6-8 months = respond to cues for depth

Front 38

perceptual constancy

Back 38

the tendency to perceive an object to be the same, even though the sensations produced by the object may differ under various conditions

Front 39

size constancy

Back 39

tendency to perceive the same objects as being of the same size even though their retinal sizes vary as a function of their distance

Front 40

shape constancy

Back 40

tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape even though, when perceived from another angle, the shape projected onto the retina may change dramatically

Front 41

hearing development

Back 41

- neonates = crudely orient heads in direction of sound

- 1 month = perceive differences between speech sounds that are highly similar

- 3.5 months = distinguish parent's voices

- 18 months = sound-localizing accuracy of adults

Front 42

active-passive controversy

Back 42

children develop from passive, mechanical reactors to the world about them into active, purposeful seekers and organizers of sensory information