Psy1101C: Chapter Two

Front 1

Plato believed that the mind was located in a person's (blank) whilst Aristotle believed that the mind was located in the (blank).

Back 1

1. Head.

2. Heart.

Front 2

Define phrenology (Franz Gall, 1800s).

Back 2

The study of bumps on the skull to determine aspects of the self, such as personality.

Front 3

How did phrenology affect the discipline of psychology?

Back 3

Focused attention on the localization of function (the idea that various brain regions have particular functions).

Front 4

Define neuron.

Back 4

A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system.

Front 5

Define dendrites.

Back 5

A neuron's bushy, branching extension that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Front 6

Define axon.

Back 6

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscle or glands.

Front 7

Define myelin sheath.

Back 7

A fatty tissue layer that insulations neurons and speeds their impulses / transmission speeds from one node to the next.

Front 8

Dendrites (blank); axons (blank).

Back 8

1. Listen.

2. Speak.

Front 9

Multiple sclerosis is the result of the degeneration of the (blank) of neurons.

Back 9

Myelin sheath.

Front 10

What are the six purposes of the glial cells?

Back 10

1. Provide nutrients to neurons.

2. Provide myelin to axons.

3. Guide neural connections.

4. Mop up ions and neurotransmitters.

5. Information transmission.

6. Memory.

Front 11

Define action potential.

Back 11

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon that is triggered by chemical signals from neighbouring neurons or by our senses.

Front 12

Define resting potential.

Back 12

The exchange of positively-charged ions (derived from the fluid outside an axon's membrane) and negatively-charged ions from the membrane of a resting axon.

Front 13

The axon's surface is (blank), as not everything will be allowed to infiltrate it.

Back 13

Selectively permeable.

Front 14

Define refractory period. What happens to ions during this period?

Back 14

1. A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.

2. Positively-charged ions are pumped back outside.

Front 15

Define threshold.

Back 15

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Front 16

When a neuron fires, the first section of the axon opens its gates, and positively-charged ions flood in. This results in the loss of the inside/outside charge difference, otherwise known as (blank).

Back 16

Depolarization.

Front 17

Signals to neurons can be (blank) or they can be (blank). The amount of these signals determines whether or not the (blank) is reached to trigger an (blank).

Back 17

1. Excitatory.

2. Inhibitory.

3. Threshold.

4. Action potential.

Front 18

True or false: it is possible to increase the neural impulse's intensity by increasing the level of stimulation above the threshold.

Back 18

False.

Front 19

Define the all-or-nothing response.

Back 19

When a neuron reaches the signalatory threshold, it either fires, or it does not; there is no in-between.

Front 20

Define synapsis.

Back 20

The junction between the axon tip or the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Front 21

The tiny gap where synpases meet is called the (blank).

Back 21

Synaptic cleft (or synaptic gap).

Front 22

The action potential travels through the (blank) to the (blank) to finally reach the (blank).

Back 22

1. Dendrites.

2. Cell body.

3. Axons.

Front 23

Define neurotransmitter. What are two examples of neurotransmitters commonly associated with mood/emotion?

Back 23

1. The chemical messengers that are released when an action potential reaches the terminal of the axons.

2. Serotonin.

3. Dopamine.

Front 24

Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the (blank). This allows for electrically-charged atoms to flow in. If the threshold is met, the (blank) response results.

Back 24

1. Receiving neuron.

2. All-or-nothing.

Front 25

In what three ways are excess neurotransmitters disposed of?

Back 25

1. They drift away.

2. They are broken down by enzymes.

3. Reuptake.

Front 26

Define reuptake.

Back 26

The reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the sending neuron.

Front 27

Neurotransmitters have predetermined chemical (blank) where it operates in the brain.

Back 27

Pathways.

Front 28

Acetylcholine is a (blank) that affects (blank), learning, and (blank). Name one consequence of an inadequate supply of acetylcholine.

Back 28

1. Neurotransmitter.

2. Muscle action.

3. Memory.

4. Alzheimer's disease.

Front 29

Dopamine influences (blank), learning, attention, and (blank). An oversupply of dopamine can result in (blank), whilst an undersupply may lead to (blank).

Back 29

1. Movement.

2. Emotion.

3. Schizophrenia.

4. Loss of motor control.

Front 30

Serotonin affects (blank), (blank), sleep and (blank). An undersupply of serotonin is commonly associated with (blank).

Back 30

1. Mood.

2. Hunger.

3. Arousal.

4. Depression.

Front 31

An undersupply of norepinephrine, like serotonin, can result in (blank).

Back 31

1. Depression.

Front 32

What is another name for epinephrine? What is another name for norepinephrine? What gland often releases these hormones?

Back 32

1. Adrenaline.

2. Noradrenaline.

3. Adrenal glands.

Front 33

An undersupply of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is linked to tremours, (blank), and (blank).

Back 33

1. Seizures.

2. Insomnia.

Front 34

Why do some people avoid MSG (mono-sodium glutamate) in food?

Back 34

Glutamate overstimulates the brain, producing migraines and/or seizures.

Front 35

Define endorphin. From which two words is "endorphin" derived?

Back 35

1. An opiate neurotransmitter that reacts to pain and vigorous exercise.

2. Endogenous (produced within) and morphine.

Front 36

"Runner's high" is explained by the release of (blank) in the brain.

Back 36

Endorphins.

Front 37

Agonist molecules (blank) a neurotransmitter's action, whilst antagonist molecules (blank) a neurotransmitter's action.

Back 37

1. Increase (or excite).

2. Decrease (or inhibit).

Front 38

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the (blank) and the (blank). The CNS is part of the nervous system, which also includes all of the (blank) of the (blank).

Back 38

1. Brain.

2. Spinal cord.

3. Nerve cells.

4. Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Front 39

Information travels in the nervous system through three types of neurons. Name them.

Back 39

1. Sensory neurons.

2. Motor neurons.

3. Interneurons.

Front 40

Sensory neurons carry messages from the body's tissues and sensory receptors (blank) to the brain and spinal cord for processing. They are therefore (blank).

Back 40

1. Inward.

2. Afferent.

Front 41

Motor neurons carry instructions from the central nervous system out to the body's muscles and gland. They are therefore (blank).

Back 41

Efferent.

Front 42

What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic components of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 42

The somatic nervous system enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles, whereas the autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls our glands and our internal organ muscles (i.e. heartbeat, digestion); it is more or less autonomous and self-regulating.

Front 43

What is another name for the somatic nervous system?

Back 43

Skeletal nervous system.

Front 44

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes two sub-nervous systems. Name them.

Back 44

1. Sympathetic nervous system.

2. Parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 45

The sympathetic nervous system (blank) energy, whilst the parasympathetic nervous system (blank) energy.

Back 45

1. Expends.

2. Conserves.

Front 46

Name three effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 46

1. Pupil dilation.

2. Ejaculation in males.

3. Accelerates heartbeat.

4. Inhibits digestion.

5. Release of glucose via the liver.

6. Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

7. Relaxes bladder.

Front 47

Name three effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 47

1. Pupil contraction.

2. Allows bloodflow to sex organs.

3. Slows heartbeat.

4. Stimulates digestion.

5. Stimulates gallbladder.

6. Contracts bladder.

Front 48

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in conjunction in order to keep the human body in a steady internal state called (blank).

Back 48

Homeostasis.

Front 49

Interneurons, located in the brain and spinal cord, are important because they (blank) between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs.

Back 49

Process information.

Front 50

When brain neurons cluster, we call that a (blank). What advantage is there to clustering?

Back 50

1. Neural network.

2. Faster, shorter, more efficient transmission of signals.

Front 51

To produce bodily pain or pleasure, the sensory information must reach the (blank).

Back 51

Brain.

Front 52

Define hormones.

Back 52

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

Front 53

Which system is responsible for the release of hormones into the bloodstream?

Back 53

Endocrine system.

Front 54

Name the eight components of the endocrine system.

Back 54

1. Hypothalamus (in the brain).

2. Pituitary gland (in the brain).

3. Thyroid gland (in the pharynx).

3. Parathyroids (in the pharynx).

4. Adrenal glands (in the gut).

5. Pancreas (in the gut).

6. Testis.

7. Ovaries.

Front 55

The hypothalamus is the region of the brain that controls (blank), which in turn controls the secretion of several different (blank) affecting many other glands.

Back 55

1. Pituitary gland.

2. Hormones.

Front 56

The pituitary gland largely releases hormones associated with (blank). It also releases oxytocin, which enables (blank), milk flow during nursing, and (blank).

Back 56

1. Puberty.

2. Contractions during birthing.

3. Orgasms.

Front 57

The thyroid is largely responsible for (blank), while the parathyroids are responsible for (blank).

Back 57

1. Metabolism.

2. Regulation of the level of calcium in the blood.

Front 58

The adrenal glands incite which response?

Back 58

The fight-or-flight response.

Front 59

The pancreas regulates the level of (blank) in the blood.

Back 59

Sugar (via insulin).

Front 60

When you are stressed, the (blank) instructs your (blank) to release a hormone that causes your adrenal glands to release (blank), which in turn increases blood sugar.

Back 60

1. Hypothalamus.

2. Pituitary gland.

3. Cortisol.

Front 61

By which three methods do modern scientists stimulate the brain to note the effects?

Back 61

1. Electrically.

2. Chemically.

3. Magnetically.

Front 62

Name the four techniques (or tools) used by researchers to study brain activity.

Back 62

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG).

2. Positron emission tomography (PET).

3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

4. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Front 63

PET allows for scientists to view the living brain by examining...

Back 63

The consumption of sugar glucose in the different sectors of the brain.

Front 64

Electrical activity in the brain's billions of neurons sweep in regular waves across its surface. Which technique (or tool) examines this brain activity intimately?

Back 64

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG).

Front 65

MRI uses magnetism to scan the brain and (blank) the atoms. When the atoms return to normal, they emit signals that provide...

Back 65

1. Disorient.

2. A detailed picture of soft tissues (high resolution).

Front 66

MRI scans allow scientists to determine the location of (blank).

Back 66

Ventricles.

Front 67

An fMRI reveals brain activity by examining (blank) and comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans reveal both (blank) and (blank).

Back 67

1. Bloodflow.

2. Brain activity.

2. Structure.

Front 68

The brainstem is the brain's (blank) and innermost region, beginning where the (blank) enters the skull.

Back 68

1. Oldest.

2. Spinal cord.

Front 69

It is within the (blank) that nerves from the right side of the brain connect with the left side of the brain, and vice-versa.

Back 69

Brainstem.

Front 70

The brainstem contains the (blank), a swelled area that, if severed, would result in (blank).

Back 70

1. Medulla.

2. Death.

Front 71

The pair of egg-shaped structures that act as the brain's sensory control centre is called the (blank).

Back 71

Thalamus.

Front 72

The thalamus is the traffic hub for all of our senses, except (blank). Information that is received by the thalamus is sometimes redirected to the (blank) and the (blank).

Back 72

1. Smell.

2. Medulla.

3. Cerebellum.

Front 73

What are the three functions of the reticular formation?

Back 73

1. Filters incoming stimuli.

2. Relays important information to other areas of the brain.

3. Controls arousal (awake versus asleep).

Front 74

Above the medula are the (blank), located inside of the reticular formation. For which two brain functions are they partly responsible?

Back 74

1. Pons.

2. Movement coordination.

3. Sleep control.

Front 75

The cerebellum is responsible for enabling which two brain functions?

Back 75

1. Nonverbal learning.

2. Skill memory.

Front 76

The cerebellum plays in role in judging (blank), modulating our (blank), discriminating (blank) and (blank), and coordinating (blank).

Back 76

1. Time.

2. Emotions.

3. Sounds and textures.

4. Voluntary movement.

Front 77

Which deep-brain structure is also involved with motor movement?

Back 77

Basal ganglia.

Front 78

Within the limbic system of the brain, we find (blank), (blank), and (blank).

Back 78

1. Amygdala.

2. Hypothalamus.

3. Hippocampus.

Front 79

What does the hippocampus do? What happens if your hippocampus is damaged?

Back 79

1. Processes conscious, explicit memories.

2. Unable to form new memories of facts and events.

Front 80

The amygdala is linked to which two emotions?

Back 80

1. Aggression.

2. Fear.

Front 81

Which area of the limbic system is responsible for governing bodily maintenance, such as hunger, body temperature, and sexual behaviour?

Back 81

Hypothalamus.

Front 82

Some researchers believe that anxiety may be caused by overstimulation of the (blank). Other researchers believe that addictive disorders may stem from malfunctions in the (blank).

Back 82

1. Amygdala.

2. Hypothalamus.

Front 83

Define cerebral cortex. What does it do that makes it so important?

Back 83

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covered the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body's ultimate control and information-processing centre.

Front 84

The larger the cerebral cortex, the more (blank) and (blank) the organism is said to be. Frogs and other organisms with a small cerebral cortex typically only operate on (blank).

Back 84

1. Complex.

2. Adaptable.

3. Preprogrammed genetic instructions.

Front 85

The human brain is said to contain how many nerve cells, and how many synaptic connections?

Back 85

1. 20 to 23 billion nerve cells.

2. 300 trillion synaptic connections.

Front 86

The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes. Name them.

Back 86

1. Frontal lobe (forehead).

2. Parietal lobe (top-back of brain).

3. Temporal lobe (near the ears).

4. Occipital lobe (near the neck).

Front 87

What prominent feature separates the lobes from one another?

Back 87

Fissures (or folds).

Front 88

The (blank) of the lobes is necessary for them to carry out multiple functions.

Back 88

Interplay.

Front 89

The frontal lobe is involved with which four functions?

Back 89

1. Speech.

2. Muscle movements.

3. Making plans.

4. Making judgments.

Front 90

Damage to the frontal lobe can cause...

Back 90

1. Alteration in personality.

2. Dishonesty.

3. Altered moral judgment.

4. More risky behaviour (less inhibitions).

Front 91

The prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobes enables which three functions?

Back 91

1. Judgment.

2. Planning.

3. Processing of new memories.

Front 92

The parietal lobe receives (blank) for touch and body position.

Back 92

Sensory input.

Front 93

The parietal lobe is also responsible for which two functions?

Back 93

1. Mathematical reasoning.

2. Spatial reasoning.

Front 94

The occipital lobe is largely involved with receiving and processing (blank).

Back 94

Visual stimuli / information.

Front 95

The temporal lobes is responsible for receiving (blank) information.

Back 95

Auditory.

Front 96

The underside of the right temporal lobe is responsible for...

Back 96

1. Facial recognition.

Front 97

The cerebral cortex involves which three functions and/or areas?

Back 97

1. Motor functions.

2. Sensory functions.

3. Association areas.

Front 98

Which important discovery was made in 1870 by Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig? What is this discovery now called?

Back 98

1. Stimulating different parts of an animal's cortex with electricity made parts of its body move.

2. The motor cortex.

Front 99

What does the motor cortex control? Where is the motor cortex located?

Back 99

1. Voluntary movement.

2. To the rear of the frontal lobe.

Front 100

The left side of the motor cortex controls the body's (blank) side, and vice versa.

Back 100

Right.

Front 101

Why is the space allocated in the motor cortex not proportional to the body part's size that it controls?

Back 101

More space is given to parts that require more precision. Therefore, the fingers have more allocated space than the arms.

Front 102

Instruments using brain responses to assist people with paralysis in moving prosthetic arms are called...

Back 102

Cognitive neural prosthetics.

Front 103

Cognitive neural prosthetics work by implanting an electrode into the (blank). When (blank) are received, the electrode reacts to control external devices.

Back 103

1. Parietal lobe.

2. Neural signals.

Front 104

The somatosensory cortex (blank) information from the skin senses and the (blank).

Back 104

1. Receives.

2. Movement of body parts.

Front 105

Stimulating parts of the somatosensory cortex can lead the person to believe that they have been (blank).

Back 105

Touched.

Front 106

The more sensitive the body area, the (blank) its allocated space in the somatosensory cortex.

Back 106

Larger.

Front 107

People may report seeing flashing lights and dashes of colour during stimulation of the (blank).

Back 107

Occipital lobe.

Front 108

Information received in your left ear is circuited to your (blank).

Back 108

Right temporal lobe.

Front 109

Three fourths of the brain's area is dedicated to (blank).

Back 109

Association areas.

Front 110

Define association area.

Back 110

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved with higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

Front 111

Besides learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking, what are association areas responsible for?

Back 111

Interpreting, integration, and acting on sensory information and linking it with stored memories.

Front 112

Define plasticity. When is plasticity most efficient?

Back 112

1. The brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

2. During childhood.

Front 113

Define constraint-induced therapy.

Back 113

Therapy that restrains a 'good limb' in order to encourage the use of a different limb whose motor skills had been adversely affected by a brain dysfunction, such as a stroke or a seizure.

Front 114

Define neurogenesis.

Back 114

The formation of new neurons in the brain.

Front 115

Define corpus callosum. What is its function?

Back 115

1. The large band of neural fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

Front 116

A split brain condition occurs when the (blank) has been severed, effectively...

Back 116

1. Corpus callosum.

2. Cutting off communication between the two brain hemispheres.

Front 117

The left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for which five functions?

Back 117

1. Reading.

2. Writing.

3. Speaking.

4. Arithmetic reasoning.

5. Understanding.

Front 118

The right hemisphere of the brain is involved with performing which kinds of tasks?

Back 118

Perceptual.

Front 119

The right hemisphere therefore excels at three key functions. Name and describe them.

Back 119

1. Making inferences ('What goes with boot, summer and ground?' 'Camp!').

2. Speech modulation ('What's that in the road ahead?' versus 'What's that in the road, a head?').

3. Orchestration of self-awareness.

Front 120

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain results in impairment to which five functions?

Back 120

1. Copying drawings.

2. Facial recognition.

3. Noticing differences.

4. Perceiving emotion.

5. Expressing emotion.

Front 121

All (blank) states are also (blank) states.

Back 121

1. Psychological (or biological).

2. Biological (or psychological).

Front 122

96% of right-handed people process speech in...

Back 122

The left hemisphere.

Front 123

30% of left-handed people process speech in...

Back 123

Either the right hemisphere or both hemispheres.

Front 124

According to Roger Sperry, the mind and the brain make a (blank) system, which in turn gives rise to (blank).

Back 124

1. Holistic.

2. Consciousness.