Psy Exam 1

Front 1

Psychological Science

Back 1

the science dealing with the mind and mental processes, especially in relation to human and animal behavior.

Front 2

Hindsight Bias

Back 2

The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred.

Front 3

Example of Hindsight Bias

Back 3

Two outcome: A or B

People vote A but then later B won

Then people say, "oh, I knew that was going to happen"

Front 4

_____________ can be contradictory.

Back 4

Common sense

Front 5

What kind of explanation that is used for any conclusion and its opposite?

Back 5

"commonsensical explanation"

Front 6

What are some problems of common sense?

Back 6

- common sense is based on private, careless observation, or upon wholly non-empirical bases (stereotypes)

Front 7

The RATIONALE of a lime green vs. red fire truck:

Back 7

- perceptual psychologists discovery that the human visual system is most sensitive to light with wave lengths between 510-570nm.

Front 8

The INNOVATION of fire trucks:

Back 8

Lime green fire truck vs. Red fire truck

Front 9

The RESULT of lime vs. red fire trucks:

Back 9

Lime green fire trucks are more than 3 times less likely to be in a traffic accident than red fire trucks.

Front 10

How do pshycologists ask and answer questions?

Back 10

1. Generate research question

2. Establish operational definitions

3. Choose research design

Front 11

Theory

Back 11

an explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes observations

Front 12

Hypothesis

Back 12

a testable prediction implied by a theory.

Front 13

Research process example of scientific method:

Back 13

-might theorize the cause of depression is low self esteem

-might hypothesize that depression & self esteem will correlate negatively

-might test this hypothesis by seeing if ppl who receive a low score for self-esteem end to receive a high score for depression

Front 14

Research process example of scientific method of low self esteem & depression:

Back 14

1. Theories: low self-esteem feeds depression

2. Hypotheses: ppl with low self esteem will score higher on a depression scale

3. Research & Observation: administer tests of self esteem and depression. See if a low score on one predicts a high score on other.

Front 15

Simple observation:

Back 15

one source of research questions psychology is simply observing the world around you and asking questions about why people think and behave as they do.

Front 16

Example of simple observation:

Back 16

Darley & Bibb Lantane horrified by brutal murder of Kitty Genovese. Dozens neighbors witnessed attack of rape but "no one helped."

Front 17

Darley and Latane hypothesis that ...

Back 17

any given bystander is less likely to give aid to a victim if other bystanders are present. (if people around, they think they will help so dont do anything)

Front 18

What can be answered through objective observations?

Back 18

Research or empirical questions.

Front 19

Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 19

Vienna General Hospital: large amount women dying who gave birth in 1st clinic vs. 2nd clinic. Turn out that grad students didnt wash hands with soap.

Front 20

Serendipity

Back 20

Act of discovering something while looking for something else entirely. OR making fortunate discoveries by accident.

Front 21

Replication

Back 21

seeing whether a basic finding can be observed again with different participants and under different circumstances. (follow up studies)

Front 22

Operational defnition

Back 22

a specific statement of the procedures used to define research variables, so as to allow others to replicate the original observations.

Front 23

Example operational definition of intelligence:

Back 23

might be the number correct on tests of verbal, spatial, numerical, and reasoning abilities.

Front 24

3 major types of research design methods that psychologists use in their research:

Back 24

1. descriptive

2. correlational

3. experimental

Front 25

Descriptive Methods components (3):

Back 25

1. The case study

2. The Survey

3. Naturalistic Observation

Front 26

Descriptive methods - "the case study"

Back 26

- in depth investigation of single (or very few) subjects/participants

Front 27

Descriptive methods - "the survey"

Back 27

-an investigation of many cases in less depth by asking ppl to report opinions and behaviors

-technique for the self reported attitudes, opinions, behaviors of ppl usually done by questioning

Front 28

Descriptive methods - "naturalistic observation"

Back 28

recording behavior in its natural environments, and describing it in details

Front 29

Example of naturalistic observation:

Back 29

people laugh/smile more when with social group than alone (observation depending in environment)

Front 30

Experimental Methods variables (3):

Back 30

1. Independent Variable

2. Dependent Variable

3. Control Variable

Front 31

Independent variable

Back 31

-var. is manipulated

-factor being studied to see if itll influence behavior

-could be called group variables

(studying people)

Front 32

Dependent variable

Back 32

-var is measured by experimenter

-dv depends upon the independent variable

-outcome variable

Front 33

Control variable

Back 33

-held constant during an experiment

(ex: temperature, time of day)

Front 34

Purpose of experimental methods:

Back 34

is to explore cause and effect by manipulating one or more factors, while holding other factors constant.

Front 35

Random assignment to condition means

Back 35

-that each participant has an equal chance of being in any particular condition

-conditions are independent of participant

-RA necessary to establish causuality in true experiment

Front 36

Experimental Method example about breastfeeding children having an impact on their intelligence later in life? (INDIVIDUAL VAR.)

Back 36

-IV: whether mothers are assigned to an experimental condition in which their children breast feed, or to a control condition in which they feed their children

Front 37

Experimental Method example about breastfeeding children having an impact on their intelligence later in life? (DEPENDENT VAR.)

Back 37

-DV: is children score on an intelligence test at age 8. (this is measureable aspect of psychological functioning that we think may be influenced by the independent variable)

Front 38

Experimental Method example about breastfeeding children having an impact on their intelligence later in life? (Random Assignment)

Back 38

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing preexisting differences between the groups that could affect the dependent variable

Front 39

Correlational methods

Back 39

-purpose is to observe naturally occurring relationships between variables

-a relationship is established by finding the degree to which two variables covary

Front 40

We want to know in a correlation method if...

Back 40

two variables go up and down together or if one goes up while the other goes down.

Front 41

Correlation coefficient

Back 41

statistical index of the relationship between two variables (scatter plots to show neg. or pos. correlation)

Front 42

Correlation is not

Back 42

causation

Front 43

Research Ethics (4)

Back 43

1. Obtain informed consent

2. Protect them from harm

3. Maintain confidentiality

4. Debrief

Front 44

The 3 R's for non-human research (ex. rats)

Back 44

1. Replacement - use alternatives to animal research when possible

2. Refinement - minimize/eliminate animal destress

3. Reduction - emply designs/procedures tht require fewest # of animals possible

Front 45

What usually misread reality and mislead public?

Back 45

"off the head estimates"

Front 46

Statistical reasoning in everyday life: the point to remember is...

Back 46

Doubt big, round, undocumented numbers.

Front 47

Describing data: (ex. bar graphs) the point to remember...

Back 47

Think smart. When viewing figures in magazines and on tv, read the scale labels and note their ranges.

Front 48

Measures of central tendency: (ex. mean, mode, median) the point to remember...

Back 48

Always note which measure of central tendency is reported. If its a mean, consider whether a few atypical scores could be distorting it.

Front 49

Measures of variation: (range, standard deviation, bell shape, normal curve) point to remeber...

Back 49

How similar or diverse scores are.

Front 50

When is a difference significant: the point to remember...

Back 50

Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that a result will happen by chance. but this dont say anything about importance of result.

Front 51

1. mode

2. mean

3. median

4. range

5. standard deviation

6. normal curve

Back 51

1. most scores tallying in a distribution

2. average

3. the middle score

4. diff between highest & lowest scores

5. how much scores vary around mean score

6 bell shaped, symmetrical, scores fall near mean