Psy 241 Exam 4

Front 1

Acetylcholine

Back 1

Located mainly in basal forebrain and brainstem

Promotes wakefulness and REM sleep

Also participates in learning, memory, and cognition.

Front 2

Activation-synthesis hypothesis and dreams

Back 2

Dreams represent the brain’s effort to make sense of spare and distorted information.

Modern day alternative to Freud's explanation of dreams

Front 3

Adenosine

Back 3

By product of ATP breakdown

Reduces activity of wake-promoting neurons

Promotes REM sleep

Front 4

AMPA receptor

Back 4

Part of Long term potentiantion

Gultamate binds here and allows sodium into the post synapse.

Front 5

Anterograde amnesia

Back 5

A affliction where you can no longer form or store long term memories

Front 6

Aplysia

Back 6

A slug used in the habituation example. The Aplysia is squirted and its gills retracts. After being squirted a lot its gills stop retracting so intensely.

Front 7

Arousal

Back 7

Ascending axons regulate arousal through the release of glutamate

Histamine / Norepinephrine

Front 8

Associative learning

Back 8

A type of non declarative learning

Two types: Classical and Operant/Instrumental

Front 9

Basal forebrain

Back 9

Where acetylcholine is produced

Front 10

Basal ganglia

Back 10

Associated with skill learning

Front 11

Beta Waves

Back 11

EEG waves that represent wakefulness.

Front 12

Biological rhythms

Back 12

Bodily processes that show regular fluctuations

(Ex. Sleep, Menstrual cycle)

Front 13

Body Temperature

Back 13

A circadian rhythm / biological rhythm

Front 14

Calcium (Ca++)

Back 14

Involved in Long term potentiation

Allowed in through NMDA receptors

Once in the cell:

1. Signals CaMKII to cause an increase of AMPA receptors

2. Signals PKC, and TK to signal CREB to retrograde signal to increase glutamate release

Front 15

CaMKII

Back 15

Cause an increase of AMPA receptors

Front 16

Cataplexy

Back 16

Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness while the person remains awake

A symptom of narcolepsy

Front 17

Circadian rhythm

Back 17

A 24 hour biological rhythm (Ex. Sleep)

Front 18

Classical conditioning

Back 18

A type of Associative learning

Stimuli -Association> Stimuli

Located in the cerebellum

Front 19

Conditioned response

Back 19

The learned response after repeated pairing to the condition stimulus

Front 20

Conditioned stimulus

Back 20

The second type of stimulus it requires training before yielding a response

Front 21

Consolidation

Back 21

When memories are turned from short term into long term

Front 22

Cortisol

Back 22

Is on a circadian rhythm

Front 23

CREB

Back 23

Gives a retrograde signal to the pre synapse to release more glutamate.

Front 24

Cytokines

Back 24

A type of Somnogen, which are REM promoting systems.

Intercellular signaling peptides released by immune cells, neurons, and astrocytes

Front 25

Declarative memory

Back 25

Long term memories that are mostly factual,

Memories that we deliberately recall and are aware

Front 26

Delayed matching-to-sample

Back 26

A subject sees an object and must later choose the object that matches in order to get reward.

Front 27

Delayed non-matching-to-sample

Back 27

A subject sees an object and must later choose the object that is different than the sample.

Front 28

Delta waves

Back 28

Are apparent during stage 3 sleep, more towards late stage 3

Front 29

Depression

Back 29

Can occur if you have sleep apnea

Front 30

Dopamine

Back 30

Has wake-promoting effects,

Front 31

Dorsomedial thalamus

Back 31

N.A had damage here that caused his amnesia

A brain circuit that includes the hippocampus, the mammillary bodies, and the dorsomedial thalamus is needed to form new declarative memories (but not a cite for storage)

Front 32

Dreams

Back 32

Occur in NREM and REM sleep

Vivid well organized dreams during REM sleep

Front 33

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 33

Measures electrical activity recorded from electrodes attached to a person’s scalp

Measures gross electrical activity of the neocortex or “Brainwaves”.

Front 34

Electromyogram (EMG)

Back 34

Records physiological activity of muscles.

Front 35

Electrooculogram (EOG)

Back 35

Records eye movements

Front 36

Encoding

Back 36

Sensory information (Iconic memory) is encoded into short-term memory

Front 37

Free-running rhythm

Back 37

A rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter the rhythm.

Front 38

Frontalparietal cortex

Back 38

Patient K.C had damage here, could not retrieve personal memory

Front 39

GABA

Back 39

REM sleep promoting system

GABA cells in the sublaterodorsal nucleus are also important for REM as they are very active during this stage.

Drugs that treat insomnia work by enhancing GABA

Front 40

Glutamate

Back 40

The NT involved in long term potentiation

Tetanus causes glutamate to release, binds to AMPA which allows sodium in

Front 41

H.M.

Back 41

Suffered from extreme seizures, They removed his hippocampus, Post surgery suffered from severe anterograde amnesia and mild retrograde amnesia, Short-term memory intact

Front 42

Hebbian synapse

Back 42

Brain training

Cells that fire together wire together.

Front 43

Hippocampus

Back 43

Important for declarative memories

Damaged or completely destroyed in patients: HM KC and Clive

Damage causes anterograde amnesia

Front 44

Histamine

Back 44

Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal

Neurons originate from mammillary gland

Histamine levels are high during arousal and alertness and silent during sleep

Front 45

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Back 45

Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality.

Front 46

Iconic memory

Back 46

The briefest memories and store sensory impressions

Front 47

K.C.

Back 47

Cannot retrieve personal memory (autobiographical memory) due to damage to the left frontaloparietal and right parieto-occipital cortex

Also had damage to hippocampus (anterograde amnesia)

Front 48

K-complex waves

Back 48

Sharp negative EEG potentials

Appear in sleep stage 2

Front 49

Lateral hypothalamus

Back 49

Produces Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and Orexin

Front 50

Locus coeruleus

Back 50

Orexin/MCH are projected here to excite/inhibit norepinephrine production

Front 51

Long-term habituation

Back 51

Occurs after multiple days of stimulation

Results from fewer synapses

Front 52

Long-term memory

Back 52

Last for days to years could be a lifetime

HM could not create this

Front 53

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 53

Tetanus applied to presynaptic neuron -> Releases Glutamate -> Glutamate binds to AMPA -> AMPA allows Na+ to pass ->Mg++ is released thorough NMDA -> Ca++ comes in through NMDA -> Signals CaMKII to increase AMPA receptors and Signals PKC/TK to signal CREB to give a retrograde signal to release more glutamate

Front 54

Magnesium (Mg++)

Back 54

Involved in Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Leaves post synaptic cell through NMDA receptors after sodium comes in

Front 55

Mammillary bodies

Back 55

Orexin/MCH project here to excite/inhibit the production of Histamine

Front 56

Median preoptic area

Back 56

Neurons fire here to induce NREM sleep (induce)

Front 57

Melanin-concentrating hormone

Back 57

Inhibits the production of histamine and norepinephrine

Fire at a high rate during REM sleep

Front 58

Morris water maze

Back 58

A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface.

Front 59

N.A.

Back 59

Has amnesia due to accidental damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies

Anterograde amnesia

Front 60

Narcolepsy

Back 60

A condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day

Affects about 1 in 1000 people

Appears to be a problem with Orexin neurotransmission/Low orexin levels

Front 61

Negative reinforcement

Back 61

Removal of an event or activity that increases the frequency of the behavior.

Front 62

Neuronal loss

Back 62

A byproduct of sleep apnea

Maybe a result from a loss of oxygen

Front 63

Neuroplasticity

Back 63

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment

1. Increase NT release

2. Decrease NT deactivation

3. Increase Receptors

4. From other neuron influences

Front 64

NMDA receptor

Back 64

Involved in long term potentiation

Allows Mg++ to leave and Ca++ to enter the post synaptic cell

Front 65

Nondeclarative memory

Back 65

Three types- Skill learning, Priming, Associative Learning

Enables us to carry out commonly learned tasks without consciously thinking about them

Front 66

Non-REM sleep (Slow Wave Sleep)

Back 66

4 Stages:

Stage 1- Vertex spikes, smaller amplitude

Stage 2- Sleep spindles and K complexes

Stage 3 Early- Delta waves once per second

Stage 3 Late- Delta waves are present half the time

Front 67

Norepinephrine

Back 67

Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal

Cell bodies located in locus coeruleus, Stimulate arousal, especially during periods that require high attention or activation of sympathetic nervous system.

Front 68

Orexin

Back 68

Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal

Synthesized in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus,Promotes wakefulness and suppresses NREM and REM sleep, Keeps you awake rather then wakes you up

Lack of orexin can cause narcolepsy

Front 69

Paradoxical sleep

Back 69

Occurs during REM sleep

Because your muscles are relaxed but your brain is very active

Front 70

Parieto-occipital cortex

Back 70

Patient KC cannot retrieve personal memory (episodic memory) due to damage here

Front 71

PKC

Back 71

Involved in long term potentiation

Signals CERM to give a retrograde signal to release more glutamate

Front 72

Positive reinforcement

Back 72

introduction of an event or activity that increases the frequency of the behavior.

Front 73

Priming

Back 73

A type of non declarative memory

A change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus

Front 74

Procedural memory

Back 74

aka nondeclarative memory

Front 75

Punishment

Back 75

Events or activities that decrease the frequency of the behavior that precedes them

Front 76

Radial arm maze

Back 76

A subject must navigate a maze that has eight or more arms with a reward at the end.

Front 77

Raphe nuclei

Back 77

Serotonin cell bodies are located here

Front 78

Reconsolidation

Back 78

The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage, after recall

Front 79

REM sleep

Back 79

Follows SWS sleep

Active EEG with small-amplitude, high frequency waves, like an awake person

Muscles are relaxed

Front 80

Retrieval

Back 80

Stored information (long term memories) are retrieved

Front 81

Retrograde amensia

Back 81

H.M had a hard time recalling events before his surgery

Front 82

Second messenger

Back 82

Ca++ is the second messenger in LTP

Front 83

Serotonin

Back 83

Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal

Suppresses REM sleep, promotes wakefulness

Front 84

Short-term habituation

Back 84

Caused by synaptic changes between the sensory cell in the siphon and the motor neuron that retracts the gill

Less transmitter released by sensory neuron

Front 85

Short-term memory

Back 85

Usually last only for seconds

Events or things that just occured, Once lost, they’re lost forever, Limited capability

Front 86

Skill learning

Back 86

A type of nondeclarative memory

Learning to perform a challenging task through repetition (Ex. Riding a bike)

Front 87

Sleep and memory

Back 87

Acetylcholine,Monomines,GABA,Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH),Somnogens (Adenosine,Cytokines)

Front 88

Sleep apnea

Back 88

A type of insomnia in which individuals have an impaired abilityy to breathe while sleeping either due to obstructions of respiratory passages by muscles spasms or lack of muscle tone or by the CNS failing to initiate breathe

Front 89

Sleep attacks

Back 89

A symptom of narcolepsy

Front 90

Sleep deprivation

Back 90

A symptom of sleep apnea or narcolepsy

Front 91

Sleep paralysis

Back 91

Symptom of narcolepsy

An inability to move while falling asleep or waking up (more than usual)

Front 92

Sleep spindles

Back 92

Occur in stage 2 and early stage 3 sleep

Front 93

Sleep/awake cycle

Back 93

A circadian rhythm, would naturally follow about a 25 hour cycle without any external time cues

Front 94

Stage 1 sleep

Back 94

Shows events of irregular frequency and smaller amplitude, as well as vertex spikes, or sharp waves

Heart rate slows, muscle tension reduces, eyes move about

Lasts several minutes

Front 95

Stage 2 sleep

Back 95

Defined by waves of 12 to 14 Hz that occur in bursts, called sleep spindles

K-complexes appear—sharp negative EEG potentials

Front 96

Stage 3 sleep

Back 96

Early:Continued sleep spindles as in stage 2

Defined by the appearance of large-amplitude, very slow waves called delta waves

Delta waves occur about once per second

Late:Delta waves are present about half the time

Front 97

Sunlight

Back 97

Resets circadian rhythms for land mammals

A type of Zeitgeberg

Front 98

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN)

Back 98

Region of the brain that serves as the biological clock, that maintains circadian rhythms to about a 24 hr period.

Front 99

Synaptic plasticity (examples)

Back 99

Ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment

1. Increased neurotransmitter release

2. Inactivation of the transmitter is decreased

3. A greater effect due to changes in receptors

4. Influence by other neurons

Front 100

Tidal waves

Back 100

Dominant zeitgeberg in sea animals

Front 101

Unconditioned response

Back 101

The response to the unconditioned stimulus, No training is required to yield this response

Front 102

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 102

The first type of stimulus, no training is required to yield a response

Front 103

Ventrolateral preoptic area

Back 103

Neurons in this area fire during NREM sleep to keep you asleep

Front 104

Vertex spikes

Back 104

Are shown in stage one of sleep (sharp waves of EEG)

Front 105

Wakefulness

Back 105

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine,Serotonin,Dopamine,Histamine,Orexin or hypocretin

Front 106

Working memory

Back 106

Memory that can be retained for longer than seconds, but is only stored for a specific amount of time

Front 107

Zeitgeber

Back 107

A stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm.

(Ex. Sunlight for land organisms, Tidal waves for sea organisms)