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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was in the founder of developmental psychology?
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G. Stanley Hall
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What is plasticity?
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The capacity to chance in repsonse to positive or negative experiences.
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What does usage of a random sample in the scientific method try to do?
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Increases the confidence that the studied sample is representative of a larger population of interest.
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What are the five ways to gather data?
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Verbal reports, observation, and physiologiclal measurements, and experimental method, correlational method.
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What is structured observation?
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When special conditions are designed to elicit the behavior that researchers are interested in.
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What is the greatest strength of the experimental method?
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Its ability to establish unambiguously that one thing causes another.
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What is the manipulated variable?
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The independent variable.
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What is the measured variable?
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The dependent variable.
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What is the correlation coefficient?
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A measurement to judge the strength of a relationship between two variables.
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What is the major downfall of the corrlelational method?
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A causal relationship can not be established.
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What are the three factors that influence developmental studies?
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age effects, cohort effects and time of measurement effects.
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What are the three types of research designs?
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Longitudinal (same group assessed repeatedly); Cross-sectional (different ages or groups assessed at one time alltogether); and sequential design (both together).
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What is main judgement used by IRBs?
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benefit-risk ratio
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What are the four components that must be present for research to be ethical?
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Informed consent, debriefing, protection from harm, and confidentiality
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Name the four components to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model.
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microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem
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What are the three components to a successful theory?
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- Internally consistent (no internal contradictions)
- Falsifiable (can generate hypothesis) - supported by data (should help us better describe, predict and explain human development) |
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What are the five issues that theorists often disagree on?
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- nature vs. nurture
- activity vs. passivity - continunity vs. discontinunity - goodness vs. badness of human nature - universality vs. context specificity |
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Who composed the psychoanalytic theory?
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Freud.
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What did Freud's ideas notion?
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Humans have basic biological dirves that must be satisfied; believes in unconscious motivation to influence behavior without human's own knowledge.
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What is the term that Freud used to describe "psychic energy"?
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Libido.
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What are the three components of Freud's theory?
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- Id (impulsive side that seeks immediate gratification)
- Ego (rational part of brain) - Super ego (internalized moral standards) |
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What are the stages of psychosexual development?
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oral, anal, phallic, latent and gential
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What are the two means of defenes mechanisms that Freud lists?
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fixation (part of the libido remains in an early stage) and regression (retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage)
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What theory did Erik Erikson develop?
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The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic theory.
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What are psychosocial stages?
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Erikson thought that people pass through eight conflicts during their lives.
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What are the "strong points" of Erikson's theory?
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He emphasized rationality, influenced thought on adolescent personality identity.
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Who was a significant proponent of behaviorism?
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John B. Watson
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What is behaviorism?
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Ideas of development should only be focused on overt, visible behavior, rather than speculation of emotional and cognitive states.
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What is classical conditioning?
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When a stimulus that has no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through it's association with an already familiar stimulus.
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Who performed the "Little Albert" experiment?
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Raynor and Watson
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What learning theory did Skinner believe in?
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Operant conditioning.
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What is operant conditioning?
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Learner's behavior becomes either less or more probable based on the consequences that follow.
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What are the two types of consequences that can be produced from operant conditioning?
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Punishment (weakens behavior, so it is less likely to happen in the future) and reinforcement (strengthens behavior, so it is more likely to occur again).
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Who developed the social cognitive theory?
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Bandura
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What does Bandura's theory claim?
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Humans engage in active processing of information that plays a role in their learning, behavior and development.
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What is observational learning?
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using other people as models to learn.
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What are the necessary components to engage in observational learning?
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paying attention, constructing and remembering mental representations, retrieving and using these representations when necessary.
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What experiment goes along with observational learning?
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Bobo the doll - some children saw doll praised, others day it punished and others saw no consequences; children could reproduce these actions for their own afterwards, so children can learn actions.
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What is vicarious reinforcement?
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Learners become more or less likely to reproduce a behavior based on the consequences the model receives.
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What is reciprocal determinism?
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The idea that neither biology or environment takes sole control over an individual's life.
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What is the name of Jean Piaget's theory?
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Cognitive Development Theory.
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What was a main tenant of Jean Piaget's theory?
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Constructivism: we are constantly interacting with our environments to construct better understandings of the world.
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What are the four stages of development in the cognitive development theory?
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sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage concrete operations stage formal operations |
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What are the downfalls of Piaget's theory?
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- did not account for emotional and motivational influences on cognitive thought
- underestimated young children's cognitive sense |
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What sort of theory was Lev Vygotsky's?
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Contextual systems theory
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What did Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective say?
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Cognitive development shaped by sociocultural context in which it occurs; not the same universally.
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What is ethology?
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how biology and environment interact to produce development; Gilbert Gottlieb;
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When does individual heredity begin?
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At conception.
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What was the name of the government sponsored effort to figure out human genetic code?
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Human Genome Project.
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When conception occurs, what is the name of the formed cell?
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The zygote.
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What is the function of DNA?
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To guide development by providing instructions.
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What is the process in which two cells become four cells and four cells become eight cells?
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Mitosis.
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What is the process responsible for genetic uniqueness and relatedness?
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Crossing over.
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What is crossing over?
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When pairs of chromosomes line up before separation and parts are exchanged.
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What is the purpose of crossing over?
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To increase the number of distinct sperm and ova an individual can produce.
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What term describes when chromosomes line up and are photographed?
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A karotype.
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What chromosomes determine which sex?
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Males: xy
Females: xx |
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What is one's genotype?
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The genetic makeup a person inherits.
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What is one's phenotype?
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The physical expression of the genetic material one has.
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Who is the "father of genetics"?
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Gregor Mendel.
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What is co-dominance?
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When neither gene dominates the other, so both are expressed.
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What is sex-linked inheritance?
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When single attributes are associated with single genes on sex chromosomes only; not on other 22 chromosomes; also known as x-linked inheritance.
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What is another name for sex-linked inheritance?
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X-linked inheritance.
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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When human characteristics are influenced by multiple pairs of genes.
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When are chromosome abnormalities caused?
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When chromosome divison does not occur properly during meiosis, so a child has too many or too few chromosomes.
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What syndrome is caused by having three 21st chromosomes?
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Down Syndrome (thick tongue, eyelid folds, stubby limbs; varied intelligence)
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What syndrome is caused by having an extra X chromosome in a male?
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Klinfelter syndrome (sterile and tend to develop feminine characteristics)
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What is the syndrome when a female has only one X chromsome?
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Turner syndrome (unable to reproduce, remain small, stubby toes and fingers).
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What syndrome is the most common cause of heredity mental retardation?
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Fragile X Syndrome.
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What is Huntington's disease?
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associated with single dominant gene, so the nervous system slowly deterioates.
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What are the three kinds of gene-environment corrlelations?
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Active (children's genotypes influence type of environment they seek);
Passive (parents' genotype influences their parenting styles) Evocative (child's genotype evokes certain kinds of reactions in others) |
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What the three prenatal stages?
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gerimal, embryonic and fetal.
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What forms during the germinal stage?
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The blastoplast that reaches the uterus around day six; miscarriage can occur with genetic defects;
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In what process and stage do organs begin to take shape?
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organogenesis; in the embryonic period
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What are the two outcomes of the outer layer during the embryonic period?
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Chorion (membrane around amnion that gathers nourishment) and amnion (membrane to cushion and protect embryo).
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What may happen if the neural tube does not close in the embryonic stage?
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Spina Difida.
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When does the fetal period start for a child?
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From the ninth week until birth.
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What is the process in which cells begin to specialize?
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Differentiation
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What is the age of viability mean?
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At 24/25 weeks, survivial outside the womb is possible if brain and respiratory system are well enough developed.
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Why is the age of viability decreasing now?
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Increased medical technology and knowledge.
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What is the prenatal environment for a child?
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The mother's womb.
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What aspects influence the effect of a teratogen on a baby?
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Critical period when exposured (worse effect when organs are forming); dosage and duration (longer and greater the dosage, more damage); genetic makeup of both child and mother; environment (effect depends on quality of prenatal and postnatal environments).
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What are the three types of teratogens?
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Drugs, Diseases and Environmental agents.
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What teratogen causes a higher rate of miscarriage?
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Tobacco (also reduces blood flow to fetus and reduces growth factor levels)
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What is the effect of thalomide on an infant?
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Said to relieve morning sickness, but actually causes deformities.
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What are the best conditions for a mother to be in while pregnant?
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aged 16-35; low stress and anxiety levels; high protien and calorie diet;
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Who developed the Baby Biographies?
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Charles Darwin - the beginning of children in scientific research; studied his own children which could have led to emotionial bias.
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What are the four goals of study in developmental science?
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Description, explaination, prediction and optimization.
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What is the normative approach?
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Studying children at different ages to computate average to represent typical development.
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What is folk biology?
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How kids see the world and think about their bodies.
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What are cohort effects?
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The effects of being born at a certain time.
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What is the microgenetic design?
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When a child is preseted with a new task and their mastery of that task is followed over time -- block gluing project.
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Who developed the microgenetic design?
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Robert Siegler.
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What famous case highlight the ethical issues in child psychological studies?
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Willowbrook State School - designed to serve developmentally disabled children, but they lived in terrible conditions and experimental testing was completed on them.
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Which theorist discusses reciprocal determinism?
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Bandura: environment and behavior impact one another.
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In which theory do nature and nurture have an equal role?
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Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic theory - Erikson.
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What distinguishes Erikson's theory from Freud's?
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Erikson focuses more on the social influences than Freud did.
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What distinguishes Bandura's social cognitive theory from the others?
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Internal mental processes make Bandura different.
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What did Bandura think about human nature?
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He didn't think humans were inherently good or bad; they are individuals who reinforce punishment on themselves.
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Who developed the most influential theory of intellectual devevelopment?
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Piaget.
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What is a withholding factor in Piaget's theory?
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There are concrete and rigid states, with no culturally or socially acceptable way of teaching a child; does not take into account emotional development at an early age and underestimated young children's intellectual knowledge.
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What distinguishes Bronfenbrenner from Piaget?
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Bronfenbrenner takes into account culture, and Piaget does not consider it.
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What is a downfall of Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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There are no guidelines, and too much information makes it a vague theory.
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What is the Minnesota Twin Study?
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A study that is trying to address nature vs. nurture debate - to what extent are psychological characteristics different in twins?
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What study proves that development is genetics and environments?
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Jim Springer and Jim Lewis.
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What is behavioral genetics?
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Heredity influence environments encoutered by individuals.
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What gene-environment corrlelation may explain why separated twins are so alike?
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Active - niche picking: you choose environments that complement your heredity.
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What is canalization?
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The tendancy of heredity to restrict development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes; infant perception and motor development are highly canalized because they can roll over, sit up, etc.; but intelligence and personality are less canalized because they rely more on the environment.
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What is concordance rate?
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The percentage of instances in which both individuals of a pair show a trait when it is present in one indidividual.
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What is Tay Sachs disease?
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A child's development deteriates over time, as brain is strangled by fat and crushed as a result of a single bae change and lack of Hex A enzyme.
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What are the three tests to detect abnormalities in children prior to birth?
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- ultrasound: confirms pregnancy and structure composition, although no genetic information.
- amniocentesis: withdrawal of amniotic fluid during the 10-12th weeks, can find genetic disorders. - chrionic villi sampling: withdrawing of cells from chorion (becomes the placenta), informative but can heighten rate of miscarriage. |
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What chromosomal abnormality is associated with trisomy 21?
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Down's Syndrome - an extra 21st chromosome (thick tongue, and eyelid folds, flattened face, almond shaped eyes, some mental retardation etc.)
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What sort of supplement is linked to better bone health for a child?
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Vitamin D supplements; shows that women need high nutrition levels prior to pregnancy.
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During what stage and week of pregnancy is sex determined?
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The seventh/eighth weeks; during the embryonic stage. If testosterone is present then leads to development of a male.
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During what trimester in the fetal period do organs, muscles and the nervous system begin to connect together?
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The end of the first trimester and hearbeat is strong enough to be heard in a stethoscope.
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What is vermix?
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A white, cheese-like structure that protects baby against chapping from amniotic fluid.
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What is the most important issue to remember regarding teratogens?
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Most infants turn out healthy despite their presence.
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How does only one sperm enter the membrance of the egg?
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When one sperm enters, the membrane changes in it's qualities.
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How is the sex of the infant determined?
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The father's 23rd chromosome.
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What is the term used to describe the egg/sperm union as it travels down the fallopian tubes?
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The blastoplast.
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What is the first organ to be developed in the infant?
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The heart - which first develops at 22 days, sparks a chain reaction throughout the fetus and it is pre-programmed to contract.
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What is the humans closest relative?
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Chimpanzees - we share 98.5% of our DNA with them.
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At what week does the baby become a fetus and reliant on the placenta, rather than the yolk sack?
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The 8th week.
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What hormone in the mother may cause morning sickness?
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Progesterone.
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During what weeks is the most dramatic change in all the pregnancy?
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Between 6-11 weeks.
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What is procreatiception>
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The fetus' awareness of where its body is in space.
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What are the most significant problems faced by premature babies?
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Brain damage and underdeveloped lungs.
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What is the most developed sense during the second trimester?
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Hearing.
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What hormone intiates contraction and helps mother to forget pain of birth?
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Oxytocin.
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What two organs signal birth for the child?
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The lungs and the placenta.
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