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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cephalo caudal
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from head to tail
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proximo destal
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from teh center to the extremities
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gross motor skills
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large muscle movements like crawling walkign runnning climbing
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fine motor skills
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control of small muscle movements like grasping using a spoon drawing or writing
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6 week gross motor skill
2 months 3 wks to 5 months 3 months |
head eract and steady
elevate by arms rolls from side to back grasps cube |
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4.5 months
7 months 8 months |
rolls from back to side
sits alone, crawls pulls to a stand |
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14 months
16 months 23 months 25 months |
scribbles
walks up stairs jumps tiptoe |
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Stages of Reaching
newborn 2 to 4 months 4 to 5 months 9 months |
prereaching
reaching with ulnar grasp transfer object from hand to hand pincer grasp |
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Perceptual development
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sensation and perception, how the infant takes in the environment
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sensation
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detection of sensory information
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perception
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interpretation of sensation such as discrimination or identifying
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infant vision
birth 3 months 6 months 1 year |
least mature sense, 8 to 10 inches
20/600, optic nerve immature acuity is 20/100 comparable to adult |
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Infant hearing
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Hear at 5th month of pregnancy, recognize mothers voice
until 6 months can discriminate sounds from all languages 7 months- boundaries of speech, identifying speech patterns |
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Methods for studying perception
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habituation- sucking, heartbeat
looking preference- time looking at stimulus ERPs |
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Habituation
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Based on infant preference for novelty
dependent variable is sucking frequency or heartbeat reflects discrimination, that the infant sees the second stimulus as novel or new or not |
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ERP
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Even Related Potentials
measure the electrical activity of the brain in response to a stimulus caps with electrodes record scalp activity non-invasive and passive, baby just watches or listens |
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Depth Perception
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2 retinal images provide 3 d information
motion cues (looming at 3 wks) binocular vision (2 to 3 months) pictorial cues (6 to 7 months) |
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Interposition
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How one object looks in front of the other based on the visual cues provided
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linear perspective
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how two parallel lines appear to meet at a distance, helps show distance
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light and shadow
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How different shading makes things appear convex or concave, shows depth
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Relative size of objects and texture gradient
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how objects are perceived based open the surrounding objects, gives us siz comparison
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Visual cliff
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a way for testing depth perception in infants
6-14 months refuse to cross 1.5 months- heart rate decreased showing interest, older infants it increased, showing fear |
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Brain structure
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Brain has plasticity
contains hemispheres neurons glial cells cortex and neurotransmitters |
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Cell Proliferation
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along the internal wall of the neural tube
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cell birthday
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about 100 billion nuerons are produced beginning gestation day 28
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cell migration
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cells move to appropriate cortical layer via glial cells
over production of neurons by a factor of 2 cells born first migrate to inner cortical layers, later go to outer timing differs according to cortical region cells going to same region develop at same time |
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Cell differentiation- order of steps for cell development
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cell differentiation
axonal and dendritic growth (18 months) synaptogenisis- formation of connections with other neurons, can be as many as 15000 mylenization- glial cells wrap around neurons proved insulation |
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Subtractive Processes in Infants
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Infants are born with a full complement of neurons with twice as many synaptic connections as in adulthood
pruning occurs, cell death complete at about 1 yr in visual cortex adn 2 yrs in sensory motor cortex |
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Pruning
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Dendritic retraction
loss of synaptic connections cell death frontal cortex- reaches maximum level at one yrs then declines until adult level at 16 pruning is influenced by the environment |
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Brain behavior correlates- kitten experiment
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cover up certain bars, kittens only see that way
only see horizontal bars if only war horizontal bar glasses, demonstrates critical or sensitive periods |
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Jean Paiget
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Swiss biologists and epistolomogiest
Cognitive structuralist biology interacts with the environment |
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Cognitive structuralist
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biology interacts with the environment
children are not small adults but view world in a qualitative diff. way, pass through a sequence of changes individuals actively seek interaction w/ the environment |
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Piaget and intelligence
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Intelligence is a particular instance of bio adaptation
intelligence is a form of equilibrium to which all organisms tend intelligence is a system of lvign and acting operations |
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Piagets stages of development
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Senosormotor 0 to 2
preoperational 2 to 7 concrete operational 7 to 11 formal operational 12 to 18 |
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Paiget and knowledge acquisition
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knowledge of reality is the result of a constructive process between the individual and environment, reflection of ones cognitive structures or schema
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Schema
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piaget, an organized pattern of behavior
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operations
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high order schema, in piaget's cognitive structuralist approach
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Sensorimeter substages (Piaget)
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reflexibe
primary circular reactions secondary circular reactions coordination of secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions mental representations |
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stage 1 Reflexes (Sensorimeter substages) Piaget
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Automatic responses and organized behavior patterns
Permanent Reflexes Temporary reflexes |
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Permanent Reflexes
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Blink, pupil dilation, withdrawal from pain, smothering patellar response
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Temporary reflexes
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rooting sucking stepping swimming palmar grasp moro tonic nect
important for survival and protection, motor development, diagnostic for neurological development- descending inhibition |
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Substage 2Piaget sensorimeter
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Primary circular reactions 1 to 4 months
simple motor habits centered around own body |
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Substage 3 Piaget sensorimeter
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Secondary circular reactions 4 to 8 months
repeat interesting effects in soundings |
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Substage 4 Paiget sensorimeter
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Coordination of secondary circular reactions adn object permanence
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Substage 5 paiget sensorimeter
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Tertiary circular reaction
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Substage 6 Piaget sensorimeter
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Mental representation
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Mental Representation in Paiget sensorimeter
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symbolic function, language, pretend deferred imitation, drawing
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Evaluation of Piaget
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some developlemnt like object search and a not b make believe play appeared when he said
much happened sooner, like object permanence deferred imitation problem solving some think infants are born with core knowledge in several domains of thoughts others think its a gradual increase |
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Perceptual narrowing
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face demonstration, perceptions narrow, notice differences within your own species only as you grow older
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development
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is an interactive and dynamic process, both genes and environment are constantly influencing one another
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Social Develompment- Erik Erikson
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theory of psychosocial development, development over a lifespan
each stage has an inner conflict and resolving the conflict depends on social relationships |
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attachment theroy- john bowlby
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an innate drive to seel our relationships and closeness with others
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Attachment
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a tendency to seek closeness with particular people and to feel more secure in their presence
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Importance of secure attachment
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funcion and adaptive value
set model for future relationships role in developing self-image base for exploration of the environment |
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First Interaction
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baby with secure attachment by 12 month- more confident curious, vital children, approach new situations with TRUST
age 1 insecure attachment- less curious more clingly more frightened by new situation, more clingy and dependent MISTRUST |
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How does attachment develop?
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0-6 asocial
6wk to 6 monyhd- indiscriminate attachment 7-9 month-specific attachment 8 month- stranger anxiety, multiple attachment 18 months- attached to several |
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the strange sitaution
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a means to assess attachment quality
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Secure Attachment
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70% babies
caregiver is secure base to explore environment from periodic glances, responds positivley to others if moms present upset when leave, warm when mom returns |
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Insecure anxious avoidant
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20%
insecurity by aboicing mom ignores mom, averts gaze does not explore surrounding avoid stranger little distress at separation avoidant during reunion |
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Anxious rseistant insuecure attachment
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10%
resisting mother does not explore fear stranger highly distressed at separation anger and relief at return |
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Insecure disorganized attacahment
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rarely explores
cling or aboid distress at departure avoids stranger dazed confused, flattened behavior possible contradictory behabiorq |
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Origins of attachment- to et secure attachment must be
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sensitive
responsive consistent parenting results in trusting child and secure attachment |
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Parent behabior with secure attachment
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responsive, sensitive, responding, emotionally, positive encourage, enjoy interaction with baby
synchronous |
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Anxious avoidant attacment parents
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parents are asynchronous
parental resonce are inconsistent (parents convienience nto infants need) do not encourage exploration on environment enjoy being with baby, just dont knw how to respond always |
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parental behaviors with insecure anxious avoidant
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parents are unresponsive to baby
negative feeling, impatient, baby is a burden little pleasure from baby baby learns cant depend on caregiver |
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Parental behavior associated with insecure disorganized
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inconsistent in responding to baby, sometiems hostile
cant read baby maltratment or abuse, infants fear mom |
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Insecure vs secure attachment at 12 months
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secure- took initiative, self-directed, active participants in activities, lead group, can cope with new relationships and situations well, parenting is responsive to kids needs
insecure- withdrawn hesitant to particiapte less curious |
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Longterm outcomes for each level of attachment
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secure-high level o cognition emotional and social competence
anxious resistant- disruptive, attention seeking manipulative in relationships (JAPAN) anxious avoidant-withdrawn and aggressice (GERMANY) disorganized-withdranw agressive disruptive, worst to be |
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Factors affecting security of attachment
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emotional availability of caregibers
warm sensitive caregiving infant temperament interfere-- parents working, stressa and depression, inappropriate expectations of infant |
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Infant Sight
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newborn- 8 to 10 inches, no balance
6 wks can fixate on objects 3-4 months can put face together 6 months 20 100 sight 12 months- adultlike vision |
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basic emotions
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6 months- happy, distress
12 months- anger fear surprise sadness |
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Development of smile
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endogenous at birth
exogeneous-6 wks to 3 months social smile instrumental- 3 to 4 motnhs laugh at 4 motns- auditory, visual |
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dyadic vs triadic
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dyadic- before 6 months, only focus on 1 thing
triadic after 6 months, can focus on mother and an object |
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Temperament
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differences in emotional reaction, activity level, attention, emotional self regulation, biological basis of personality
chess and thomas- tempermant is expressed in response to external stimuli, like adaptability persistence distractability, quality of moood- did study of babies in diff. classes, behavior persist into adolescence. temperament clusters at 2 to 3 months |
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Temperment- easy, difficult babies
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easy- 40%, cheerful adapt easy to change, approach new objects and people react with moderate intensity
difficult- 10%, irregular eating and sleeping, withdraw from new situation, adapts slowly to change, reacts with high intensity, cranky or grouchy slow to warm- 15% low activity, withdraw from unfailiar, mild reactions, slow to adapt, eventually adjusts to new situations |
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Goodness of fit
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degree to which childs behangior meshes with parental expectations and needs, determines whichtraits will eencouraged or discouraged
interactions are mutual and bi directional a good match between parental beliefs and child temperament lead to favorable adjustment |
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Factors influencing teperament
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Gentecs, cultural differences, environment, cultural beliefs and practices, gender sterotyping
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Language
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a complex symbolic system composed of individual meaningful elements that reflect an internal and hierarchical organization
arbitrary symbols represent and are shared by community |
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words
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words are symbols, lixical items are a string of sounds that are arbitrarily linked to meaning
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grammar
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the internal model of language
it is hwat you know about the structure of your language components are phonoly morphology suntax |
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semantics
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the meaning of words
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pragmatics
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the use of language for social purposes
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phonology
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sound system of the language, an inventory of the meaningful sounds in teh language includes phoneme and phontetics
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ohoneme
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a meaningful sound in a language, english has 35, like ball-pall doll-tall, look for meaningful distinctive features
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phonetics
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how these sounds re produced (artculatory) and percieved (acoustic)
like where the spanish t is |
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morphology
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the study of the forms or meaningful elements in a language
includes morphemes and inflectional and derivational morphology |
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morpheme
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the smallest meaninful units, words of the meaninful elements within them, break down sentence
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inflectional morphology
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grammatical affixes- lik talk then talked or i walk and he walks
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derivational morphology
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changes the word class or meaning y adding a suffix or prefix
like nation to national to nationalize to denationalize |
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syntax
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the structure of sentences, the convention or rules by qhic we construct and understand sentenses, like flyin gplanes can be dangeraou is ambigous or colorell ideas sleep furiously is anomalous
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pragmatics
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the use of language for social communicative purpouses, discourse genre, conservations riddles, questions answers inderect or non literal use of language
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Early language milestones
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3 months-cooing
6 months- babbling 9 months- first signs o fword comprehension 12 months- production of first words 16 months- vocab burst 20 months- telegraphic 24 motnhs-multimorphemic utterances 36- complex stories 48- scripts, stories |
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Nativism or role of biology in language
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noam chomsky and LAD language axquisition device, cricial period for language
adult brain organization for language universaility of linguistic mielstones creoles feral children |
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behaviorism and the environment in language
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Skinner, language is learned through imitation and reinforcement, environmental factors incleucne develocpment, social reinforcment for talking
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interactionis perspectivce on language
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vygotsky- scaffolding zone of prozimal develpment, language emerges in teh contezt of social interaction, motjerese of childdirected language, ses, genei orphans,
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socioeconomic factors to language
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lower class, kids hear less words, and they here more commands and controls than questions and converstaion
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Principles of language development
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children are active participants
children are good pattern processors that seek regularities fro input, language develps on a continues smooth manner children follow similar steps to aqcuire the structure off their language it is a social process, an interaction of biological predisposition cognitive development and the social cultural context in which he lives |
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erick erikson- autonomy vs shame
inititaive vs guilt |
atonomy vs shme
3 yers, want to choose for themselves, initiative bs guilt 5 yrs;, make believe helps children try out new roles, responsibility develop |
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Vygotsky
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social culturual therory which includes
the genetice or dvelopmental method, higher mental functioning in teh individual emerges of of social provess the claim thathumans social and psychological processes are fundamentallay shaped by culture |
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concepts of scio culture theory
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zone of proximal development- range of tasks that chldren cannot accomplish idependently but can do with help
scaffolding- changing quality of support to fit the childs current level of performance intersubjectiveity- the process of developong a shared understanding |
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changes in toddlerhood
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physical shape and motor abilities
brain mylenation synaptic pruning cognitive approach symbolic systems soccially social environment expands to include preschool |
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Drawing development
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label already, made drawings
draw boundaries and people more realistic drawings-preschool early printing-preschool |
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Brain development in preschool
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frontal love areas for planning and organization develop
left hemisphere active, language skills handedness myelination and synaptic pruning |
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PPiagets preoperational stage
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intuitice thinking, animistic thinking, egocentric thought
lack of conservation use of multiple symbolic system |
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intuitive preschool thought
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uses symbols and relates to objects
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centration preschool thought
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focuses on a single dimension, egocentric, limit the preschoolers ability to see in m ultiple perspectives
appearance/reality |
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animistic
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give animated qualities to inanimate objects
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egocentric
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puts everything in their own perspective
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consercation
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focus only on centration when preschool
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Play
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begins with parent infant interaction, sequence of constituents that can vary independtly
ply is enjoyable, has no intrinsic goals, spontaneous, active engagement, certain systematic relation to reality |
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types of play
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play in an index of cognition
types of play motor or functional-movement, playijng witha ball constructive- building work togther make believe symbolic play allows you to try out new roles |
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development of symbolic play
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child uses cup objectionaly, pretents to drink
combines gestrural sequences creates syumbolic sequences without props uses language to plan and negotiate pretend sequence |
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types of play from developmental perspectice (mildred)
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non-social play-sollitary
parallel play-next to each other associative play-exchange same toys cooperative play- work together |
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Functions of play
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try out new skills and combineing them
mim adult behavior and try out new roles rehearse social relationships act out possibilities momentary control of distressing situations serves as a critical learning environment for children, safe context to explore world without fail or judgement play had become a context for controlling and modulating behavior |
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decontextualization and decentration
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play helps this
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