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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Chapter 1 |
ethology
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Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
Chapter 1 |
evolutionary psychology
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Observation that occurs in real world setting without an attempt to manipulate the situation.
Chapter 1 |
naturalistic observation
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Research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several + years.
Chapter 1 |
longitudinal approach
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Range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language.
Chapter 1 |
ethnicity
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The debate about the degree to which early traits persist through life or change.
Chapter 1 |
stability-change issue
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The setting in which development occurs.
Chapter 1 |
context
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Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change, or distinct stages.
Chapter 1 |
continuity-discontinuity issue
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Research that describes the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics.
Chapter 1 |
correlational research
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An approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best in many theories.
Chapter 1 |
eclectic theoretical orientation
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Brofenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on 5 environmental contexts of development.
Chapter 1 |
ecological theory
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Emphasizes the social context of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.
Chapter 1 |
social construct approach
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Biology and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.(also known as the "cohort effect")
Chapter 1 |
normative age-graded influencces
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Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life.
Chapter 1 |
non-normative life events
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Biological and environmental influences that are common to people of a particular generation.
Chapter 1 |
normative history-graded influences
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Babies born before the 36th week after conception.
Chapter 2 |
preterm (premature) baby
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Process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup.
Chapter 2 |
niche-picking
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Results when a single fertilized egg splits to form two new individuals.
(also known as identical twins) Chapter 2 |
monozygotic twins
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Prenatal medical procedure in which a tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed.
Chapter 2 |
chorionic villus sampling
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Development is the result of an ongoing bi-directional interchange between heredity and the environment.
Chapter 2 |
epigenetic view
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Inner sac in which the fetus develops.
Chapter 2 |
amnion
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Prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders.
Chapter 2 |
amniocentesis
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Simultaneously born offspring who develop from 2 separate zygotes, each the product of different sperm and ovum.
Chapter 2 |
dizygotic twins
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Emphasizes the importance of adaptation and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
Chapter 2 |
evolutionary psychology
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A person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material.Chapter 2
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genotype
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Noninvasive prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen.
Chapter 2 |
ultrasound sonography
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Any agent that crosses the barrier of the placenta and harms the developing fetus.
Chapter 2 |
teratogen
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Structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing fetus.
Chapter 2 |
placenta
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The many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a neonate.
Chapter 2 |
prenatal development
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Age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately.
Chapter 2 |
age of viability
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The way an individual's genetic heritage is expressed and observed in measurable characteristics.
Chapter 2 |
phenotype
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Inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme for metabolizing protein.
Chapter 2 |
Phenylketonuira (PKU)
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Organ function that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development.
Chapter 2 |
organogenesis
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Cluster of abnormalities that appear in offspring of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy.
Chapter 2 |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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A chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Chapter 2 |
down syndrome
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TRUE or FALSE
The life-span approach, as opposed to the traditional approach, emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
The concept of plasticity refers to the capacity for change. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Ethnicity is a classification of people rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Social policy and the welfare of U.S. citizens are rarely influences by the values held by individual lawmakers. Chapter 1 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Psychoanalysts believe that our behavior is really just a surface manifestation, and that it must be analyzed for its symbolic representation of the deep inner workings of the mind. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the more successfully one resolves a developmental crisis, the healthier development will be. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
When Piaget discussed a child’s thinking as qualitatively different in each stage, he meant that the child has a different way of understanding the world, not just that he has more information. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Information-Processing theory stresses the importance of stages in cognitive development. Chapter 1 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Observational research conducted in a laboratory may cause the participants to behave unnaturally. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
One of the strengths of the longitudinal research design is that it gives us information about how individuals change over time. Chapter 1 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Evolutionary psychologists argue that if a behavior exist today, it has evolved and continues to exist because it is adaptive for us. Chapter 2 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Women have twice the likelihood of having a sex-linked genetic abnormality, because they have twice as many X chromosomes as men Chapter 2 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
The genetic abnormality called PKU (Phenylketonuria) is a good example of how a person’s genetic inheritance for a certain disorder inevitably leads to that disorder’s developing later on in the person’s life. Chapter 2 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Teratogens such as alcohol and exposure to radiation have devastating effects at all periods of prenatal development. The timing of exposure to harmful influences such as these would not alter their influence on the baby. Chapter 2 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Some fetuses are genetically more susceptible to the effects of teratogens than are others. Chapter 2 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
The shortest of the three stages of childbirth is the afterbirth stage, when the placenta is expelled. Chapter 2 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
We define low-birthweight infants as those weighing less than 5.5 pounds. Chapter 2 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Low birthweight children tend to have learning problems in infancy, but they usually catch up and have no adverse effects once they enter school. Chapter 2 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Kangaroo care is beneficial for preterm infants and is now being recommended for full-term infants as well. Chapter 2 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
“Baby blues” or some form of postpartum depression is a real problem experienced by over half of new mothers. Chapter 2 |
True
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Unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation.
Chapter 3 |
reflexes
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The use of short, precise words without grammatical markers, such as articles.Chapter 3
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telegraphic speech
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Smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably.
Chapter 3 |
visual acuity
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Research technique used to study infants' depth perception.
Chapter 3 |
visual cliff
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Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they are not experienced through the senses.
Chapter 3 |
object permanence
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Processes by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.
Chapter 3 |
perception
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Growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward extremities.
Chapter 3 |
proximo-distal pattern
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The ability to regulate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.
Chapter 3 |
intermodal perception
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Chomsky's term for biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of the language.
Chapter 3 |
Language Acquisition Device (L.A.D.)
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Condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing and suddenly dies without an apparent cause.
Chapter 3 |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (S.I.D.S.)
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Simplified version of the language, spoken in higher pitch and simple sentences.
Chapter 3 |
child-directed speech
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Growth occurs from the head first and then down the spine.
Chapter 3 |
cephalocaudal pattern
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Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking.
Chapter 3 |
gross motor skills
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Brain region that regulates personality and goal directed behavior.
Chapter 3 |
frontal cortex
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Motor skills associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects.
Chapter 3 |
fine motor skills
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A mechanism Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of though to the next.
Chapter 3 |
equilibration
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The ability to produce an endless amount of meaningful sentences using a finite set of phonemes and rules.
Chapter 3 |
infinite generativity
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Right and left halves of the cortex.
Chapter 3 |
hemispheres
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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
Chapter 3 |
habituation
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Basic cellular unit of the brain and nervous system that specializes in receiving and transmitting information.
Chapter 3 |
neuron
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TRUE or FALSE
Early motor behaviors always develop in a cephalo-caudal pattern. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
By the second year of life, infants' rate of growth increases dramatically. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
The infants' brain areas do not mature uniformly; some develop earlier than others. Chapter 3 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Because newborns take several short naps throughout the day, they never fully fall into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
According to the dynamic systems view, universal milestones such as crawling and walking are caused solely by maturation of the nervous system. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
The development of gross motor skills requires postural control. Chapter 3 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Piaget emphasized the idea that simply knowing more information allows a child to progress to the next stage of development. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Habituation measurements are used to assess infant perception and memory. Chapter 3 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
There is a clear consensus among researchers now that newborns are capable of imitating others. Chapter 3 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Because babies who are in the cooing stage of language development cannot communicate by speaking, they often use gestures such as pointing. Chapter 3 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
It is very difficult for blind children who have never seen a person smile to experience the emotions of joy and happiness. Chapter 4 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
The initial phase of infant attachment to parents is based on early emotional interchanges, whether positive or negative. Chapter 4 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Sensitive, responsive parents are essential for helping an infant grow emotionally. Chapter 4 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Before 6 months of age, stranger anxiety is fairly mild, but by 8 months it has reached its peak and begins to decline, and by 1 year of age, it is usually gone. Chapter 4 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Kagan’s research has shown that because it is a biological trait, children’s behavioral inhibitions rarely, if ever, become more moderate. Chapter 4 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
Research shows that children may learn to modify their temperament to a certain degree. Chapter 4 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. Without being fed consistently by the caregiver, the infant will not attach to that caregiver. Chapter 4 |
False
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TRUE or FALSE
For an infant to be classified as insecure-disorganized, there must be certain behaviors present such as extreme fearfulness of the caregiver, avoidance, and/or resistance. Chapter 4 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
When states enact policies that improve child-care worker training and reduce child-staff ratios, we see higher cognitive and social competence in children. Chapter 4 |
True
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TRUE or FALSE
Extensive child-care experiences tend to weaken the influence of families on children. Chapter 4 |
False
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Match between child's temperment and the emotional demands with which the child must cope as well as the temperment of the caregiver.
Chapter 4 |
goodness of fit
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During the first year, the infant gradually develops an ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
Chapter 4 |
emotional regulation
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An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding.
Chapter 4 |
temperment
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Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
Chapter 4 |
insecure avoidant babies
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Infants act as if they do not perceive the caregiver to be dependable or trustworthy.
Chapter 4 |
insecure attachment
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An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.
Chapter 4 |
separation protest
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Relationship in which after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console.
Chapter 4 |
resistant attachment
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Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli; occurs during first month after birth, usually during sleep.
Chapter 4 |
reflexive smile
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Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
Chapter 4 |
reciprocal socialization
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An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life.
Chapter 4 |
stranger anxiety
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Smile in response to external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face.
Chapter 4 |
social smile
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Behavior in which infants in an unfamiliar or ambiguous environment often look to their caregiver as if searching for clues to help them interpret the situation.
Chapter 4 |
social referencing
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Enduring social-emotional relationship between infants and their caregivers.
Chapter 4 |
attachment
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Relationship in which infants turn away from their caregivers when they are reunited following a brief separation.
Chapter 4 |
avoidant attachment
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Relationship in which infants trust and depend on their caregivers.
Chapter 4 |
secure attachment
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Freud is associated with which theoretical perspective?
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psychoanalytic
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Who was the psychologist responsible for originating the theory of attachment?
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John Bowlby
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Which psychologist contended that "trust versus mistrust" is the first psychological stage?
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Erik Erikson
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Which research strategy simultaneously compares individuals of different ages?
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cross-sectional
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Whether or not intellectual skills can still be improved through education for individuals in their 70s is a question of _________________.
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plasticity
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Psychologists have learned that the ability to control one's environment can have a powerful effect on a person's health. They have also learned that poor health can influence intellectual functioning. This is an example of:
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the joint influence of biological and cognitive processes
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The process we refer to when we speak of changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language is the ___________ process.
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cognitive
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The theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it is called the _____________________________ theory.
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information-processing
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___________ is to operant conditioning, as ___________ is to social cognitive theory.
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Skinner; Bandura
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When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that emphasizes...
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the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline
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Which type of research method involves an in-depth look at one individual?
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case-study
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Vygotsky's perspective on development states that...
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Children do not adapt their thinking to new ideas via the processes of assimilation and accommodation.
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Developmental psychologists suggest that some characteristics develop and change over time. Which characteristic of development does this suggest?
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Development is plastic.
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According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, the macrosystem is:
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the culture in which individuals live
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Which sex-linked chromosomal abnormality occurs when males have an extra X chromosome?
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Klinefelter syndrome
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Which is the longest period in prenatal development?
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fetal
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In stage ___ of labor, contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open.
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1
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Humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes.
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23
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FAS is a cluster of abnormalities that appears in the offspring of mothers who ______________________________ in pregnancy.
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drink alcohol heavily
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The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is called ________________.
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natural selection
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An epidural block is a type of regional _____________.
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anesthesia
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The surgical removal of the baby from the uterus is called a/an _______________________.
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cesarean section
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A(n) ______________________________ is someone who seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
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behavior geneticist
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A genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells is called __________________.
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sickle-cell anemia
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A phenotype can include what kind of information?
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both psychological and physical characteristics
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The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm develop during the _______________ period.
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embryotic
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The trophoblast is:
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the outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period
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Emily, who has brown eyes, has one dominant gene and one recessive gene. When we describe her actual genetic makeup, we are describing her __________________.
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genotype
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Which layer of embryonic cells eventually becomes the circulatory system, bones, and muscle?
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mesoderm
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Babies born after a regular period of gestation but weighing less than _______ pounds are called low-birthweight infants.
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5½
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_____________ is the specialized form of cell division which produces cells with only one copy of each chromosome.
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meiosis
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_________________ are factors that cause birth defects.
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teratogens
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When Jacob says "Me big boy!" his mother replies "Yes, you are a big boy!" This is known as:
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expanding
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When presented with a sudden, intense noise, Baby Nathan is startled, arches his back, throws back his head, and flings out his arms and legs. This is an example of which reflex?
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Moro
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A 24-month-old child would most likely communicate with:
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two-word, telegraphic utterances
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An infant would use which of the following reflexes to obtain food?
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both sucking and rooting
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The visual cliff is used to study infant:
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depth perception
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A ______________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.
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scheme
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The vocabulary spurt that begins at approximately 18 months involves a:
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rapid increase in spoken vocabulary
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Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?
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finger dexterity
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The term _________________ describes the specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain.
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lateralization
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Which gross motor skill is acquired before sitting without support?
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holding the head erect
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The _________________ principle of development suggests that growth begins at the top (the head) of the body and moves downward.
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cephalocaudal
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At birth, the newborn's brain is about _____% of its adult weight.
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25
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The term ________________________ refers to memory without conscious recollection.
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implicit memory
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Andrew Meltzoff is known for:
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demonstrating infants' imitative abilities
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The average North American newborn is ____ inches long and weighs _____ pounds.
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20; 7 ½
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_____________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
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sensation
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Research evaluating Piaget's sensorimotor stage suggests that perceptual development occurs (EARLIER or LATER) than Piaget suggested, and that conceptual development occurs (EARLIER or LATER) than Piaget envisioned.
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EARLIER; EARLIER
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The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James Gibson is to discover:
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both how perception guides action and how action guides perception.
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Which country has the most extensive family leave policy for new parents?
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Sweden
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For the average infant, social smiles appear as early as _________ in response to a caregiver's voice.
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4 weeks
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Which of Erikson's stages emphasizes the development of independence during the second year of life?
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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Baby Elizabeth has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. She would best be described as:
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slow-to-warm-up
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What are the three basic types of infant temperament?
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easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
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_____________ is parental behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they were to rely solely on their own abilities.
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scaffolding
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Which caregiving style is related to the insecure resistant style of attachment in infants?
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inconsistently available and usually not affectionate
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Which of Erikson's stages of personality development emphasizes the need for an infant's environment to be consistently nurturant?
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trust versus mistrust
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Baby Joshua lets out a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. This pattern can best be described as a...
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pain cry
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What type of cry is characterized by a rhythmic pattern of a cry, brief silence, short whistle, and a brief rest before the next cry?
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basic cry
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The National Longitudinal Study of Child Care conducted in 1991 revealed that:
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by 4 months of age, most infants have entered some form of non-maternal child care
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The mirror technique was devised as a means of assessing an infant’s:
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visual self-recognition
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Mai uses her mother as a secure base from which to explore her environment. Which type of baby would she be classified as?
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securely attached
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Freud theorized that infants become attached to the person that provides...
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oral satisfaction
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According to Bowlby, in which phase do infants develop specific attachments?
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phase 3
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