Psy 110 Test 2 Chapter 4

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior and, in time, is sufficient to produce that behavior

Front 3

unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without requiring prior learning

food

Front 4

unconditioned response

Back 4

the reflexive response elicited by a particular stimulus

salivation

Front 5

conditioned stimulus

Back 5

an originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through pairings with an unconditioned stimulus

tone

Front 6

conditioned response

Back 6

a response that depends on pairings of the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus



once learned, the conditioned response occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone

Front 7

acquisition

Back 7

the initial learning of the conditioned response

Front 8

Extinction Classical Conditioning

Back 8

A conditioned response comes to be eliminated through repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus

Front 9

spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning

Back 9

the event that occurs when the classical stimulus again elicits the classical response after extinction has occurred

Front 10

stimulus generalization classical conditioning

Back 10

a tendency for the classical response to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are like, but not identical to, the conditioned response

the response generalizes to similar stimuli

Front 11

stimulus discrimination classical conditioning

Back 11

the ability to distinguish among stimuli similar to the conditional stimulus and to respond only to the actual conditional stimulus

Front 12

food/taste aversion

Back 12

a classically conditioned avoidance of a certain food or taste

can occur after once instance

Front 13

operant conditioning

Back 13

the process by which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences

also called instrumental conditioning

Front 14

law of effect

Back 14

actions that subsequently lead to a "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to be repeated

cat, box, fish

Front 15

reinforcement

Back 15

the process by which consequences lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again

Front 16

rreinforcer

Back 16

an object or event that comes after a response and that changes the likelihood of its recurrence

Front 17

positive reinforcement

Back 17

occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior

food

Front 18

negative reinforcement

Back 18

occurs when an unpleasant event or circumstance that follows a behavior is removed, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior

removing chores

Front 19

positive punishment

Back 19

occurs when a behavior leads to an undesired consequence, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior

beating

Front 20

negative punishment

Back 20

occurs when a behavior leads to the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior

taking away car

Front 21

primary reinforcers

Back 21

an event or object, such as food, water, or relief from pain, that is inherently reinforcing

Front 22

secondary reinforcers

Back 22

an event or object, such as attention, praise, money, a good grade, or promotion, that is reinforcing but that does no inherently satisfy a physical need

Front 23

generalization operant conditioning

Back 23

the ability to emit a learned behavior in response to a similar stimulus

wipe nose with tissue
wipe nose with soft things--- sleeve, pillow

Front 24

discrimination operant conditioning

Back 24

the ability to engage in a learned behavior in response to a particular stimulus but not in response to a similar one

Front 25

discriminative stimulus operant conditioning

Back 25

the cue that tells the organism whether a specific response will lead to the expected reinforcement

red light -- car
dont stomp foot while walking

Front 26

extinction operant conditioning

Back 26

in operant conditioning, the fading out of a response following an initial burst of that behavior after the withdrawal of reinforcement

losing money in vending machine

Front 27

spontaneous recovery operant conditioning

Back 27

in OC, the process by which an old response reappears if there is a period of time after extinction

try vending machine after a month

Front 28

shaping

Back 28

the gradual process of reinforcing an organism for behavior that gets closer to the desired behavior

training someone to jump high, dont normally jump high -- so you cant reward it

Front 29

continuous reinforcement

Back 29

reinforcement given for each desired response

Front 30

partial reinforcement

Back 30

reinforcement given only intermittently

Front 31

interval schedule

Back 31

partial reinforcement schedule based on time

Front 32

ratio schedule

Back 32

partial reinforcement schedule based on a specified number of emitted responses

Front 33

fixed interval schedule

Back 33

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given for a response emitted after a fixed interval of time

Front 34

variable interval schedule

Back 34

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given for a response emitted after a variable interval of time

Front 35

fixed ratio schedule

Back 35

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses

Front 36

variable ratio schedules

Back 36

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a variable number or responses

slot machines

Front 37

observational learning

Back 37

learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement

bobo dolls