Psy 110 Test 2 Chapter 5

Front 1

Encoding

Back 1

the process of organizing and transforming incoming information so that i can be entered into memory, either to be stored or to be compared with previously stored information

Front 2

storage

Back 2

the process of retaining information in memory

Front 3

retrieval

Back 3

the process of accessing information stored in memory

Front 4

sensory memory

Back 4

a memory store that holds a large amount of perceptual input for a very brief time, typically less than 1 second

Front 5

short-term memory

Back 5

a memory store that holds relatively little information for only a few seconds -- up to 30

Front 6

rehearsal

Back 6

the process of repeating information over and over to retain it in STM

Front 7

chunk

Back 7

a unit of information, such as a digit, letter, or word

Front 8

working memory

Back 8

the system that includes two specialized STM ( auditory loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and a central executive that operates on information in them to plan, reason, or solve a problem

Front 9

long-term memory

Back 9

a memory store that holds a huge amount of information for along time (from hours to years)

Front 10

primacy effect

Back 10

increased memory for the first few stimuli in a set, reflecting storage of information in STM

Front 11

recency effect

Back 11

increased memory for the last few stimuli in a set, reflecting storage of information in STM

Front 12

depth of processing

Back 12

the number and complexity of the operations involved in processing information

the greater the depth of processing the greater the likelihood of remembering it later

Front 13

breadth of processing

Back 13

processing that organizes and integrates information into previously stored information, often by making associations

Front 14

elaborative encoding

Back 14

encoding that involves great breadth of processing

Front 15

flashbulb memory

Back 15

an unusually vivid and detailed memory of a dramatic event

9/11

Front 16

semantic memories

Back 16

memories of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the world

Front 17

episodic memories

Back 17

memories of events that are associated with a particular context -- a time, place and circumstance

Front 18

explicit/declarative memory

Back 18

memories that can be retrieved at will and represented in STM

verbal and visual memories are explicit if they can be called to mind as words or images

Front 19

implicit/non declarative memory

Back 19

memories that cannot be voluntarily called to mind, but nevertheless influence behavior or thinking

Front 20

recall

Back 20

the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness, which requires transferring the information from LTM to STM

Front 21

recognition

Back 21

the act of encoding an input and matching it to a stored representation

Multi Choice -- test -taker must recognize the correct answer

Front 22

state-dependent retrieval

Back 22

recall that is better if it occurs in the same psychological state that was present when the information was first encoded

Front 23

false memories

Back 23

memories of events or situations that did not, if fact, occur.

Front 24

encoding failure

Back 24

a failure to process to-be-remembered information well enough to begin consolidation

Front 25

decay

Back 25

the fading away of memories with time because the relevant connections between neurons are lost

Front 26

interference

Back 26

the disruption of the ability to remember once piece of information by the presence of other information

Front 27

retroactive interference

Back 27

interference that occurs when new learning impairs memory for something learned earlier

Front 28

proactive interference

Back 28

interference that occurs when previous knowledge makes it difficult to learn something new

Front 29

amnesia

Back 29

a loss of memory over an entire time span, resulting from brain damage caused by accident, infection or stroke

Front 30

retrograde amnesia

Back 30

amnesia that disrupts previous memories

Front 31

anterograde amnesia

Back 31

amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents new learning

Front 32

repressed memories

Back 32

real memories that have been pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening

Front 33

mnemonic devices

Back 33

strategies that improve memory, typically by using effective organization and integration

Front 34

Modality-Specific memory stores

Back 34

memory stores that retain input from a single sense, such as vision or audition, or from a specific processing system, such as language