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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
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the science of mental processes and behavior
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mental process
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what the brain does when a person stores, recalls, or uses information or has specific feelings
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behavior
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the outwardly observable acts of an individual, alone or in a group
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level of the brain
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events that involve the structure and properties of the organ itself -- brain cells and their connections, the chemical soup in which they exist, and the genes
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level of the person
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events that involve the nature of beliefs, desires, and feelings -- the content of the mind, not just its internal mechanics
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level of the group
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events that involve relationships between people (love), relationships among groups, and culture.
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structuralism
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the school of psychology that sought to identify the basic elements of experience and to describe the rules and circumstances under which these elements combine to form mental structures
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introspection
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the process of "looking within"
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functionalism
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the school of psychology that sought to understand how the mind helps individuals function, or adapt to the world
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gestalt psychology
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an approach to understanding mental processes that focuses on the idea that the whole is more than the sum of its parts
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unconscious
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outside conscious awareness and not able to be brought to a consciousness at will
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psycho dynamic theory
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a theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior.
Refers to the continual push and pull interaction among conscious and unconscious forces |
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behaviorism
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the school of psychology that focuses on how a specific stimulus(object, person, or event) evokes a specific response
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humanistic psychology
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the school of psychology that assumes people have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity, the combination of which leads them to choose life fulfilling paths to personal growth
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cognitive psychology
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the approach in psychology that attempts to characterize how information is stored and operated on internally
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evolutionary psychology
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the approach in psychology that assumes that certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brains
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clinical psychologist
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the type of psychologist who provides psychotherapy and is trained to administer and interpret psychological tests
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counseling psychologist
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the type of psychologist who is trained to help people with issues that naturally arise during the course of life
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developmental psychologist
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researches and teaches the development of mental processes and behavior with age and experience
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cognitive psychologist
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researches and teaches the nature of thinking, memory, and related aspects of mental processes
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social psychologist
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researches and teaches how people think and feel about themselves and other people, and how groups function
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personality psychologist
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researches and teaches individual differences in preferences and inclinations
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physiological psychologist
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researches and teaches the nature of the brain and brain/body interactions
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scientific method
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involves specifying a problem,
systematically observing events, forming a hypothesis of the relation between variables, collecting new observations to test the hypothesis, using such evidence to formulate and support a theory, and finally testing the theory |
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replication
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collecting the same observations or measurements and finding the same results as were found previously
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hypothesis
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a tentative idea that might explain a set of observations
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operational definition
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a definition of a variable that specifies how it is measured or manipulated
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theory
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an interlocking set of concepts or principles that explain a set of observations
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case study
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a scientific study that focuses on a single instance of a situation, examining it in detail
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survey
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a set of questions, typically about beliefs, attitudes, preferences, or activities
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correlation coefficient
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an index of how closely interrelated two sets of measured variables are, which ranges from -1.0 to 1.0
the higher the correlation, the better we can predict the value of one type of measurement when given the value of the other |
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independent variable
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the aspect of the situation that is intentionally varied while another aspect is measured
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dependent variable
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the aspect of the situation that is measured as an independent variable is changed, the value of the dependent variable depends on the independent variable
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confound
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an independent variable that varies along with the ones of interest, and could be the actual basis for what you are measuring
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experimental group
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a group that receives the complete procedure that defines the experiment
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control group
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a group that is treated exactly the same way as the experimental group, except that the one aspect of the situation being studied is not manipulated for this group.
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random assignment
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the technique of assigning participants randomly, that is, by chance, to the experimental and the control groups, so that no biases can sneak into the composition of the groups
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meta-analysis
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a statistical technique that allows researches to combine results from different studies, which can determine whether there is a relationship among variables that transcends any one study
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sample
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a group that is drawn from a larger population and measured or observed
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population
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the entire set of relevant people or animals
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naturalistic observation
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observed events are carefully documented
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bias
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when beliefs, expectations, or habits alter how participants in a study respond or affect how a researcher sets up or conducts a study, thereby influencing its outcome
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response bias
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a tendency to respond in a particular way regardless of respondents' actual knowledge or beliefs
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sampling bias
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a bias that occurs when the participants or items are not chosen at random, but instead are chosen so that one attribute is over or underrepresented
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double-blind design
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the participant is "blind" to the predictions of the study, and the experimenter is "blind" to the condition assigned to the participant
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informed consent
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the requirement that a potential participant in a study be told what he or she will be asked to do and be advised of possible risks and benefits of the study before agreeing to take part
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debriefing
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an interview after a study to ensure that the participant has no negative reactions as a result of participation and understands why the study was conducted
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