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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology Definition |
The scientific study of mental processes and behaviors |
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Functionalism |
concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions -asked what role behavior played in allowing people to adapt to their environments |
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Structuralism |
focused on uncovering the fundamental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
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Introspection |
when presented with an stimulus, asked to describe in as much detail as possible what they were experiencing |
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Gestalt psychology |
emphasizes how perception is organized. Instead of considering individual parts that make up thinking, gestalt psychologists study how individual elements are considered together as a whole. |
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psychodynamic perspective |
believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control |
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neuroscience perspective |
views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning |
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cognitive perspective |
examines how people understand and think about the world |
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behavioral perspective |
focuses on observable behavior |
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Humanistic perspective |
contends that people can control their behavior and that they can naturally try to reach their full potential |
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Double-blind experiment |
Where both the participant and the researcher don't know who received the placebo and who received the other variable |
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single-blind experiment |
where the participant doesn't know whether or not they received the placebo or not, but the researcher knows. |
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random assignment |
when individuals are randomly assigned in an experiment to receive the placebo or be given the actual medication/variable. |
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Scientific method |
1. identifying questions of interest 2.formulating an explanation 3.carrying out research to validate or refute the explanation 4. communicate the findings |
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Hypothesis |
a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. -stem from theories |
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Theory |
broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
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Operational Definition |
the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured or observed |
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Archival Research |
Existing documents such as census data, etc. is used to form a hypothesis |
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Naturalistic Observation |
observes behavior naturally without manipulating anything |
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Survey Research |
a sample of people is used to represent the entire population is asked a series of questions about their behaviors, thoughts, or attitudes |
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Case study |
in depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or small group -used to gain understanding or people in general |
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correlational research |
two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated" -correlation can range from +1.0 to -1.0 |
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variables |
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way |
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experiment |
the researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of that situation |
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experimental manipulation |
the change that the researcher deliberately makes in an experiment |
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treatment |
the manipulation implemented by the experimenter, and the other group will receive no treatment or another treatment |
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experimental group |
group that receives treatment |
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control group |
group that receives no treatment |
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independent variable |
variable that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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dependent variable |
the variable that is measured in the experiment |
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random assignment to condition |
a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone |
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significant outcome |
meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis |
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replicated research |
research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings |
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informed consent |
a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve |
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experimental bias |
factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment |
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placebo |
a false treatment, such as a pill or drug that does not have any active ingredients |