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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lamarckian evolution is characterized by the faulty assumption that:
a. acquired traits can be inherited. b. humans are the only species that stopped evolving. c. evolution always results in an improvement in the gene pool. d. evolution benefits the individual more than it does the species. |
A
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Which movement of ions would depolarize the membrane of a neuron?
a. chloride ions into the cell b. sodium ions out of the cell c. sodium ions into the cell d. potassium ions out of the cell |
C
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If monozygotic twins reared in distinctively different environments resemble each other on some characteristic, then this suggests that this characteristic is related to which of the following?
a. environment more than heredity b. heredity more than environment c. heredity only d. environment only |
B
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Which division of the nervous system is composed of the automatic and somatic nervous system?
a. parasympathetic b. peripheral c. sympathetic d. central |
B
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Which of the following is NOT part of the forebrain?
a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. medulla d. cerebral cortex |
B
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How do local anesthetic drugs, such as Novacain work?
a. They block the sodium gates. b. They open potassium gates. c. They decrease blood flow to certain areas of the brain. d. They inactivate the sodium-potassium pump. |
A
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Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch?
a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. temporal lobe d. parietal lobe |
D
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8. Apoptosis is the brain development process in which:
a. new neurons are produced. b. useless neurons kill themselves. c. neurons and glia move to their eventual destination in the brain. d. neurons form their axons and dendrites. |
B
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Which neurotransmitter do hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD tend to resemble?
a. dopamine b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. GABA |
B
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When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?
a. Iron into the cell b. lithium out of the cell c. sodium out of the cell d. calcium into the cell |
D
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Which type of effect is associated with a “second messenger?”
a. excitatory b. ionotropic c. metabotropic d. inhibitory |
C
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What recent method allows a researcher to study both the structure and activity of the brain?
a. fMRI b. PET c. CAT d. MEG |
A
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Which of the following best describes the process by which developing axons find their general target areas?
a. chemical attraction b. genetic determination c. glial cell guidance d. completely random growth |
A
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When a neuron’s membrane is at rest, which of the following molecules crosses through it most slowly?
a. carbon dioxide b. potassium c. water d. sodium |
D
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15. What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensation?
a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital |
A
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16. What tends to open the sodium gates across a neuron’s membrane?
a. hyperpolarization of the membrane b. passing the peak of the action potential and entering the refractory period c. depolarization of the membrane d. increase in the sodium concentration outside the neuron |
C
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Which function is NOT performed by glia?
a. removing waste materials b. building myelin sheath c. guiding the growth of axons and dendrites d. transmitting information |
D
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What is the function of the thalamus?
a. moderating emotional outbursts b. directing the secretions of the hypothalamus c. regulating sleep cycles d. sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex |
D
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19. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) _____; a drug that mimics or increase the effects is a(n) ______.
a. agonist; antagonist b. depressant; stimulant c. antagonist; agonist d. neuromodulator; mimetic |
C
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20. What is an interneuron?
a. a neuron that receives all of its information from other neurons and conveys impulses only to other neurons b. a glial cell that separates one neuron from another c. a neuron that has its cell body in the spinal cord and an axon that extends to a muscle or gland d. a cell whose properties are a combination of a neuron and a glial cell |
A
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21. Electrical gradients lead to what kind of movements?
a. the general movement of ions out of the neurons b. the movement of ions to areas having the opposite electrical charges c. the movement of ions to areas having the same electrical charges d. the general movement of ions into the neuron |
B
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22. Compared to men’s brains, women’s brains:
a. are larger. b. have fewer gyri on the surface of the cortex. c. have less white matter. d. have more grey matter. |
C
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An EPSP
a. operates on an all-or-none principle. b. is a graded depolarization. c. is a temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane. d. is the same as an action potential. |
B
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Serotonin is considered a:
a. purine. b. peptide. c. monoamine. d. modified amino acid. |
C
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The term ____ refers to a blood clot in the brain.
a. hemorrhage b. disaschesis c. ischemia d. edema |
C
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26. The view that everything that exists in the universe is physical is called:
a. monism. b. mentalism. c. the identity position. d. materialism. |
D
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To what does the Bell-Magendie law refer?
a. The size of an action potential does not depend on the intensity of the initiating stimulus. b. The dorsal roots of the spinal cord are sensory and the ventral roots are motor. c. All branches of an axon release the same combination of transmitters. d. Bain development proceeds from hindbrain to midbrain to forebrain. |
B
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What effect does an amphetamine have at the synapse?
a. It increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal. b. It increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. c. It blocks the breakdown of dopamine. d. It decreases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. |
A
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An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
a. cerebellum b. midbrain c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus |
D
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30. Why do neurons rely do heavily on glucose as their source of nutrition?
a. Glucose is the only fuel that can be used even in the absence of vitamins b. Neurons lack the enzymes necessary to metabolize other fuels. c. Other fuels do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. d. Glucose is not used extensively by other parts of the body. |
C
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When a physician taps you just below the knee, he or she is checking a reflex that is based on information from what kind of receptor?
a. a Golgi tendon organ b. an oscillator c. a muscle spindle d. a vestibular organ |
C
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Magnocellular cells are to _____ as parvocellular cells are to ______.
a. wake-sleep cycles; movement b. movement; color c. detail; color d. color; wake-sleep cycles |
B
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Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
a. CCK b. aldosterone c. glucagon d. insulin |
D
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4. To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal |
A
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5. What defines a homeostatic process?
a. the regulation of blood flow b. any process governed by hormones c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range d. reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species |
C
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According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
a. a different receptor for each color b. three kinds of cones c. paired receptors that are responsive to complementary colors d. the combined influences of rods and cones |
B
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Dorsolateral tract axons are responsible for movements in which area of the body?
a. in the periphery b. in the trunk c. in the face and head d. in the legs |
A
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The kidneys release the hormone rennin in response to what stimulus?
a. the presence of food in the small intestine b. an increased concentration of solutes in the blood c. a decrease in blood volume d. increased periods of light during the day |
C
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What are the three types of cells identified in the primary visual cortex?
a. simple, complex, and end-stopped b. rods, cones, and ganglion cells c. bipolar, ganglion, and horizontal d. inferior, middle, and superior |
A
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10. According to David Maurice, the primary function of REM sleep is to:
a. enhance memory consolidation. b. keep the mind occupied while the body rests. c. strengthen the immune system. d. supply oxygen to the eyes. |
D
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11. Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?
a. amplitude b. frequency c. intensity d. across-fiber pattern coding |
B
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12. What is another name for slow-wave sleep?
a. alpha wave sleep b. stages 1 and 2 c. stages 3 and 4 d. REM sleep |
C
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13. When are the cells in the premotor cortex most active?
a. in preparation for movements b. during movements c. at or after the end of movements d. during inhibition of movements |
A
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If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
a. the optic nerve b. the fovea c. the pupil d. the cornea |
B
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When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?
a. CCK b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. the cornea |
A
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What is the current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain?
a. by depleting the brain of substance P b. by inhibiting the release of substance P c. by blocking sodium channels in the membrane of certain neurons. d. by increasing the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine |
B
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PGO waves are associated with which of the following?
a. REM sleep b. non-REM sleep c. relaxation during wakefulness d. being awakened from REM sleep |
A
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18. In humans, the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?
a. They go directly to the ipsilateral hemisphere, without contacting each other. b. They go directly to the contralateral hemisphere, without contacting each other. c. Half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side of the optic chiasm. d. They combine to send identical information to each hemisphere. |
C
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Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to what changes in eating behaviors?
a. Animals eat the same, but drink less than normal amounts. b. Animals eat the same large amount each meal, regardless of the taste. c. Animals are less finicky about what they eat than are normal animals. d. Animals eat normal size meals, but eat them very frequently. |
D
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Which disorder results in substantial damage to the basal ganglia and the cortex?
a. Parkinson’s disease b. myasthenia gravis c. Babinski syndrome d. Huntington’s disease |
D
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What is one of the contradictions in “paradoxical” sleep?
a. The frequency of the brain waves is low, while the amplitude is high. b. The brain is very active, while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed. c. Subcortical structures are very active, while the cerebral cortex is inactive. d. Postural muscles are tense, which heart rate and breathing rate are very low. |
B
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22. Where are the auditory receptors, or hair cells, located?
a. on the oval window b. on the tympanic membrane c. in the cochlea d. in the pinna |
C
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23. In comparison to the cones, which of the following is more characteristic of rods?
a. concentrated in the fovea b. important for color vision c. sensitive to detail d. sensitive to dim light |
D
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24. Under what conditions, if any, will a cell in the visual cortex of a cat respond to light in an eye that has been closed for the first few months of life?
a. under all conditions b. under no conditions c. if it has the opportunity to coordinate with the “active” eye d. if the “active” eye is closed for a while |
D
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What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?
a. the substantia nigra b. the red nucleus c. the vetromedial hypothalamus d. the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) |
D
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26. The nucleus of the tractus solitarus in the medulla is known to receive information from what source?
a. tongue b. nose c. ears d. skin of the hands |
A
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27. The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage what area of the brain?
a. the substantia nigra b. the caudate nucleus c. the lateral hypothalamus d. the suprachiasmatic nucleus |
D
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An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to which structure?
a. the preoptic area b. the ventromedial hypothalamus c. the lateral hypothalamus d. the hormone receptors |
C
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29. What difficulty does someone with propagnosia have?
a. focusing on colored objects b. seeing items located in the left visual field c. recognizing faces d. processing information from more than one sensory modality at a time |
C
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30. What is involved in sleep apnea?
a. involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep b. inability to breathe while sleeping c. tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day d. sleep-talking |
B
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