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329 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What types of tools and techniques are used to analyze the business and requirements for further understanding of the situation and solution requirements?
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Analysis Tools & Techniques
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What is "Decomposition"?
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Breaking down something higher-lever into subsets to study or analyze
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Decomposition is often presented using what types of models?
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Graphical model, such as a decomposition diagram
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What types of things may be decomposed?
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Solution scope, organizational units, processes, and functions
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___ is a common technique in business analysis in project management, used to break things into smaller components
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Decomposition
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Decomposition should continue until ___ detail is achieved
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Sufficient
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What is a WBS?
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Work Breakdown Structure
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What is a Work Breakdown Structure?
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A project planning technique that hierarchically breaks down deliverables and/or tasks of a project into manageable pieces
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A WBS is an example output of what type of technique?
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Decomposition
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What is "Dependency Analysis"?
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A technique used to identify and clearly articulate dependences between two or more requirements
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What are some types of relationships that might be analyzed in dependency analysis?
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Subsets, Implementation, Benefit or Value
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What does it mean when a requirements has a subset relationship?
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This is may be a subset of another requirements
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What doe sit mean when a requirement has an implementation dependency relationship?
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That some requirements cannot be implemented until another requirement is implemented
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What does it mean when a requirement has a benefit or value dependency relationship?
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Some requirements may not be realized until other requirements are implemented first
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What is "Gap Analysis"
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Comparing the current and future states of an organization to identify changes needed to meet business needs
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The ___ state can help a BA understand how far apart that state is from the desired state or objectives
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Current
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Specific new capabilities to meet the business need are identified using what?
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The Current State
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What needs to be developed to depict the desired future state?
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Models
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Gaps are differences between __ and __ state
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Current and Future
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What compares the states to identify differences between them?
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Gap Analysis
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What is "Impact Analysis"?
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Analysis of the impact of a change
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What permits a quick review of potentially affected changes to understand the impact of a change?
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Tracing back to related requirements and development components
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What is "Progressive Elaboration"?
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An approach to planning that accounts for the iterative nature of planning; it allows for more detailed planning to be done as more becomes known
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True or False: REquirements tend to be very low-level early in the life of a project
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FALSE. They are typically high-level early on in a project
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What is the term for adding details and specificity to requirements as more becomes known?
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Progressive Elaboration
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What is a "Risk"?
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An uncertain events or conditions that will have an impact, positive or negative, on one or more project objectives
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When is the technique "Risk Analysis" typically done?
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Planning
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How is Risk Analysis performed?
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Identify and analyze risks related to a program, project, or process to understand the impacts and develop appropriate responses
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True or False: Risks can only be negative
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FALSE. Risks can be either positive or negative
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What are the possible responses to a negative risk?
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Accept, Transfer, Avoid, Mitigate
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What are the possible responses to a positive risk?
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Accept, Share, Exploit, Enhance
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What are "Business Rules"?
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Operating principles or self-imposed constraints that apply across all projects and systems
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What constrains, defines, or enables the organization to function?
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Business Rules
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Business rules must be what?
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Specific, actionable, and testable
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True or False: Business rules are not usually atomic
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FALSE. They are atomic, meaning they can't be broken down further
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__ __ are important internal regulations that affect one or more processes, and requirement must support or contradict them
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Business Rules
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True or False: In practice, business rules are often mixed in with requirements
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TRUE. They are often uncovered by the process of eliciting and analyzing requirements
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True or False: Business Rules are a special type of Requirement
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FALSE. Business rules are independent concepts that apply across all projects
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Just like requirements, Business Rules must be __ __ and documented independent of their enforcement
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Uniquely Identified
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Why should business rules be maintained?
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To allow change and adaptation as the business changes
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What are the specific tools and techniques used in Business Rules Analysis?
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Business Rule Catalog, Decision Table, Decision Tree
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What is a Business Rule Catalog?
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A Document containing a complete list of business rules
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What are some attributes that might be captured in a Business Rule Catalog?
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Description, examples, related rules, references, notes, and assumptions
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What is a "Decision Table"
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A tool used to document business rules in a tabular format
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What is a decision table used to document?
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All factors that may impact the processing of a decision
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What is a Decision Tree?
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A tool to document complex business rules graphically in a hierarchical structure
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True or FAlse: Decision Trees and Decision Tools may not be used in conjunction
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FALSE. They may be used together to analyze and document complex business requirements
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What type of tools and techniques are used to discover, understand, and articulate data requirements for a solution?
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DAta Analysis
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What are the techniques used in data analysis?
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DAta Dictionary and Glossary, DAta flow diagram, data models, state diagrams and tables
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What is a "Data Dictionary"?
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A basic type of requirements documentation, showing high-level data needed for a business
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What are data dictionaries used for?
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To foster communication between the business and project team
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Data dictionaries are typically refined into more detailed data ___ when used for supplemental data documentation
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Models
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What are the key items to include in a data dictionary?
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Terminology and corresponding definitions used by the organization
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What is the goal of using a data dictionary?
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To get stakeholders in consensus about the data needed and the terminology used for an organization
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What is a "Glossary"?
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Contains terms and unique, formal definitions for them, plus any synonyms or aliases.
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What brings stakeholders into consensus about the terminology for a project and beyond?
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Glossary
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What is different between a data dictionary and glossary?
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Includes formal definitions of individual data items and groups, includes meanings and ranges of permissible values
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What is a "DAta Flow Diagram"?
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Models that show data in context of the process, and what is stored by the system
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Why were data models created?
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To show what the business does with its processes and data
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What is a DFD?
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Data Flow Diagram
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what does a data flow diagram depict?
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The processes, systems, and data and how it flows through a solution
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Data diagrams can be used after what types of diagrams have been created?
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Business data diagrams, process flows, and ecosystem maps
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Data flow diagrams show the __ bewteen systems, actors, and data that is exchanged
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Relationships
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An "External Agent" in a Data Flow Diagram is also known as what?
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External Agent or Actor
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What is an "External Agent" in a data flow diagram?
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People or other systems that interact with the system
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What is the symbol on a DFD that represents an External Agent?
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Square
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What does a circle or rounded rectangle represent in a DFD?
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Dat Process
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How are data flows depicted in a DFD?
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Lines with arrows indicating direction of flow
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An open rectangle with a label represents what in a DFD?
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Data Store
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What is a "Data Model"?
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A diagram used to show the relationship between data and how data is related to processes. Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are a primary type of data model
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What is an ERD?
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Entity Relationship Diagram
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What do data models document?
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DAta used in a process or system and its life cycle
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True or False: data models to have have a standard diagramming technique
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FALSE. Data models do used standards to illustrate the relationships between data and processes
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Data models can be used to extract what?
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Requirements and Business Rules
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Data models can complement what other types of models?
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Logical and Physical Data models
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True or False: Data models are easy to understand and can be used with untrained stakeholders
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FALSE. Stakeholders must be familiar with or taught how to use data models
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How can data models be used with customers?
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To validate data requirements
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What is an "Entity"?
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The term for business data objects or pieces of information or interests. They are not references to exact objects in a database; rather, they represent the people, places, things, and concepts that are of concern to the business
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References to people, places, things, and concepts are part of what?
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An Entity
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An ERD is a __ type of data model
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Typical
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Another term used for an entity in a different type of model is what?
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A Class (in a class diagram)
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What are entity attributes?
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Individual facts of interest about an entity
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What attributes are typically captured about an entity?
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Name, Value/Meanings, Description
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What is a "Relationship" in a data model?
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Significant business connections between entities
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Two business rules between entity that appear on diagrams with "cardinality" symbols
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Relationships
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What is "metadata"?
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Data about data
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What is "Cardinality"?
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The degree of a relationship between entities, expressed usually as one or many on an ERD or class diagram
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Multiplicity is another term for what?
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Cardinality
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What are the four different types of relationships that might be on an ERD?
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1) zero-to-one 2) one and only one, 3) zero-to-many 4) one or more
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Class and Operations are additional elements of what type of data model?
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Class Model
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What are the four different relationships that might be on a class diagram?
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1) 1.1 (one and only one), 2) 0..* (zerto many), 3) 1..* (at least one, possible more), 4) 0..1 (zero or one)
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0..* is an example of what in a Class Model?
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A relationship (of zero to many)
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What is a "State"?
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A discrete condition or status that an entity/class can occupy. An object of a class has one and only one current state. Business rules dictate the state.
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What dictates the state in a state diagram?
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Business Rules
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True or False: A state diagram can have one and only one current state
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TRUE. A class/entity can only be in one state at a time.
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What is a transition in a state diagram?
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An event or other trigger that causes an entity to move from one state to another. Business rules dictate which transitions are valid for which states.
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Business rules dictate which __ are valid for which states
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Transitions
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What do state diagrams depict?
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The various states which an entity or class flows through during its lifetime (from creation to deletion)
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State diagrams also show the __ or __ that prompt the flow from one state to another
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Events or Triggers
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State diagrams are typically used for what type of entities?
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Complex, with multiple states or "life cycles"
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What can state diagrams help uncover?
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Missing data attributes and processes involved in the various transitions
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Who defines the states an object may be in?
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The business
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States are the source of what?
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Requirements and rules for entering and leaving the various states
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Two other terms for an event in a state diagram are?
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Trigger or Pre-condition
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What is an "activity" in a state diagram?
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An activity that occurs when the entity is in a state (a verb)
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In a state diagram what is the term for the start of the model?
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Initial state
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What is the term for the termination of a state diagram?
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Final state
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What are decision making tools used for?
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To facilitate a group in order to understand options and agree upon a selected course of action
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What is the mnemonic for the decision-making tools and techniques?
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CM DOWN
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What are the decision making tools & techniques in Analysis?
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Consensus Building, Multi-voting, Delphi Techniques, Options Analysis, Weighted Criteria, Nominal Group Technique
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What is the techniques "Consensus Building"?
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This is really a general term for getting a group to generally agree
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What is another term for "Consensus Building"?
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Collaborative Problem-solving or Collaboration
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Collaboration is another term for what decision-making technique?
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Consensus Building
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What is the "Delphi Technique"?
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A method of gaining consensus using expert opinion
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Facilitating gathering expert opinions with anonymous responses until consensus is achieved is called what?
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Delphi Technique
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The Delphi technique is commonly used to create __ or get a __ on a decision to be made
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Estimates or Recommendations
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What is "Multi-voting"?
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Giving participants multiple votes for applying to a variety of options
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Who is responsible for assigning the number of votes allowed per person in the Multi-voting technique?
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Facilitator
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True or False: In multi-voting, only one vote per person per item is allowed
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Track question. It could be done this way, or multiple votes on one item might be allowed to add weight to preferred selections
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What is Nominal Group Technique?
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A process that includes brainstorming to generate ideas
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Nominal Group Technique is often used with which other techniques
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Votes or multi-voting
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What is "Options Analysis"?
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Analyzing various options to understand the benefits, risks, and consequences of each
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Why is "Options Analysis" used?
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In order to make a selection that bring the greatest value to the project
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What is the technique "Weighted Criteria"?
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A tool used to score various options against pre-selected criteria
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What is another term for the "Weighted Criteria" decision technique?
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Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
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How is "Weighted Criteria' used to help make decisions?
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To determine the best option for moving forward, or in prioritization rank options against a quantifiable score
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In the weighted criteria technique, the alternatives are judged on how well they support each __
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Objective
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Relative __ scores are used to calculate the best alternative in the weighted criteria technique
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Weighted
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What characteristics are used in the weighted criteria decision technique?
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Criteria, Weight, Options, Score
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What is the purpose of Elicitation Tools & Techniques?
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To elicit requirements, assumptions, and constraints
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What is the mnemonic for the Elicitation Tools & Techniques?
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NOPROMDISBFW (NO, PROm, Date, IS Bad For Wanda)
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What are the Elicitation tools and techniques?
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- Non-functional - Prototypes- Research- Observation- Document Analysis- Interviews- Survey- Brainstorming- Focus Group- Workshops
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The brainstorming techniques encourages what kind of thinking?
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Divergent
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What is "Divergent"?
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Activities that produce a broad or diverse set of options
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When does Brainstorming work best?
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When focusing on one problem or issue
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Brainstorming leverages the ___ powers of a group to generate many ideas quickly
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Creative
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What is "Convergent" thinking?
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It narrows down the possibilities to select the best idea or option
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What technique would be used for analyzing root causes, initial product concepts, or recommended solutions?
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Brainstorming
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What is needed to guide a group through brainstorming
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Facilitator
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True or False: Brainstorming may be done free-form or structured
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TRUE. It may be done either way.
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What is document analysis?
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A Technique that collects requirements from an existing "as-is" system by studying and summarizing available documentation
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What are the two categories of document analysis?
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Business or System documentation
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True or False: Document analysis can compensate for a lack of a SME
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TRUE, but only assuming the documentation is current
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Document Analysis is also known as what?
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Current Systems Analysis
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Business plans, market studies, and contracts are examples of what type of documents?
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Business
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Process flows, business rules, and reports are examples of what type of documents?
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System
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True or False: Document Analysis is limited to the "as-is"
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TRUE. And only if it's for an existing system with current documentation
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What is a "Facilitated Workshop"?
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A technique used to scope, discover, define, review, prioritize, and reach closure on solution requirements
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Well-run __ are one of the most effective ways to discover and define high-quality requirements quickly
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Workshops
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What is needed for an effective workshop?
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A skilled and neutral facilitator
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The facilitator is responsible for what in a facilitated workshop?
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Keeping the group focused on objectives and enforcing ground rules
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What is an important preparation artifact for holding a workshop?
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An agenda
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What other role besides the facilitator is important to the success of a workshop?
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Scribe
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A requirements workfshop would be a good technique to use when what conditions exist?
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There are cross-functional requirements or differences need to be reconciles among diverse stakeholders
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It's the faciliator's responsibility to make sure that all stakeholders do what?
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Participate
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What is another term for a Facilitated Workshop?
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JAD (Joint Application Development) session
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What are some other names or types of facilitated workshops in different industries?
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QFD (Quality Function Deployment), VOC (Voice of the Customer)
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What do good scribes do?
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Document requirements or pertinent information in the agreed-upon format, and help keep track of issues or deferred items
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What is a "Focus Group"?
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A facilitated workshop setting where participants are selected to provide their thoughts and attitudes about the potential solution
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Focus groups use __-___ individuals to elicite ideas and attitudes about a specific product, service, or opportunity
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Pre-selected
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What does a Focus Group require?
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A trained moderator who prepares a handful of questions that are thrown out to the group to guage their response
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What is the purpose of conducting a Focus Group?
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To get insight into the diversity of ideas or expectations of the group
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What is an "Interview"?
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A systematic questioning of stakeholders to learn about their problems, the root causes, and the stakeholders' requirements
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True or False: Interviews are always formal in nature
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FALSE. Interviews may be formal or informal
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What is a strutured interview?
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An interview with pre-defined and specific questions
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What is an unstructured interview?
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An interview with ad-hoc, open-ended questions
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What do successful interviews depend upon?
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The understanding of the domain, experience of interviewer, skill in documenting discussion, readiness of interviewee, degree of understanding, rapport
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What do interviews allow for?
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Full discussions and follow-up questions, as well as privacy for discussing sensitive issues
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What are Non-functional requirements?
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They document environmental conditions or qualities under which the solution must remain effeictve
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What type of requirements supplement the behavior or functionality of the solution?
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Non-functional requirements
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What is a term commonly used when referring to non-functional requirements?
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SLAs (Service Level Agreements)
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Reliability, Mantainability, Capacity, and Security, are examples of what type of requirements?
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Non-functional
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What is the techniqeu "Observation"?
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A common elicitation technique that is used to watch people in their natural work environment
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What is another term for "Observation"?
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Job Shadowing
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What is the Observation techinque useful for?
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Filling in gaps in processes and relatied requirements
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Observation is useful to use when what conditions are present?
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When it's difficult for something to explain how they do something or they are reticent to articulate their requirements
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What are the types of observation?
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Passive, Active, Participatory Observation, Simulation
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What is "Passive" observation?
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Observing without interrupting the person doing the work
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What is "Active" observation?
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When the observer may interrupt th person to ask questions or get clarifications
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What is "Simulation"?
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Observation of simulated work that is created using a tool that recreates the activities, operations, or processes of a process worker
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What is "Participatory Observation"?
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When the observer actually performs th work to experience aprocess an duncover potneital hidden requirements
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What is a "Survey/Questionnaire"?
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A tool for collecting large amounts of both qualitative or quantitative data in a short amount of time
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Who determines what data needs collecting, and formualtes the questions, and then collects and analyzes the rersponses on a survey?
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Project Team
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What is a key part of conducting a survey?
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Determinging the sample pouplated to be surveyd, and finding a representative group of respondents to measure
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When are surveys best used?
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When a large number of responses to a limited set of questions are needed quickly
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What are Close-ended questions?
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Those that have a limited choice of answers
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What are open-ended questions?
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Those that may be answered any way the respondednt wishes
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What type of survey questions usually requires additional follow-up?
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Open-ended
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True or False: Open-ended questions can provide more substance than close-ended questions
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TRUE. But, they are more difficult and time-consuming to analyze
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What are Interface Analysis tools & techinques used for?
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Defining boundaries of a system by defining the other systems that provide functionality, inputs, and outputs
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Functionality, inputs, and outputs are a part of what type of tools and techniques?
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Interface Analysis
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What is a practical outcome of performing interface analysis?
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Interactions between systems are better defined and smoother interactions result
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What are the Interface Tools & Techinques?
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Interoperability, Prototypes, Report Table, Storyboarding, System Interface Table, User Interface Flow, Wireframes & Display-Action Response
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What is Interoperability analsis?
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Analysis to understand how applications communicate and collaborate with each other to exchange data, or complete a worfklow or process
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What is a "Prototype"?
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A mock-up of a screen or report layout for a proposed system in order to elicit requirements for it. Can be paper/pencil or electronic
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Prototyping is a technique that is considered both __ and __.
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Elicitation and Interface Analysis
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When prototyping is used for elicitation, what does it facilitate?
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Discovery of interfaces and related requirements, such as data and navigation
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Why are prototypes valuable?
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They produce quick and early feedback for defining requirements
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What is a "horiztonal prototype"?
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One tha tis shallw and doesn't contain much detail, but is intended to cover a wide view of a solution's functionality
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What is "vertical prototype"?
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A deeper prototype into a narrower range of interaces, that can be used to elicit detailed interafce or data requirements
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What are the characteristics of a prototype?
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Low-fidelity, high-fidelity
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True or False: a pen or computer-aided sketch of a UI undergoing analysis is a high-fidelity prototype
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FALSE. This is an example of a low-fidetliy prototype
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What is an example of a "High-fidelity" prototype?
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A representation of a final product, usually completed with teh same developmen tool that will be used to develop the solution
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How are high-fidelity protetypes limited?
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Data and Functionality
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What ar eth two types of prototypes?
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Throw-away (paper and pencil) and Evoluationary (functional electronic)
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What are two synonyms for a prototype?
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Storyboard, Wireframe
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What is a "Report Table"?
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A tabular listing of requirements relating to the development of a single report
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Name, Trigger, Data fields, and display format are examples of what?
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A Report Table
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What are some elements that may be included on a Report Table?
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Name, Description, Decision facilitated by, Objectives, Audience, Calcuations
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What is a "Storyboard"?
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A tool to focus on gaining understanding of requirements for a process base don a potential user interface
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When would using a storyboard be appropriate?
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Early on in the project lifecycle
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What is a "System Interface Table"?
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A model of attributes that cpatures all of the detailed-level requirements for single system interface
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What format is a "System Interface Table" typically in?
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Tabular
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Source system, Volume of data, Data passed are attributes of what technique?
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System Interface Table
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What are some attributes of a System Interface Table?
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Security or other ruels, Source System, Target System
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What is a "User Interface Flow"?
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A graphical representation of pages or screens that map user navigation of the screen based on various triggers
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A "Display-Action-REsponse" model is typically used in conjunction with what other technique?
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Wireframes
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What is the purpose of the "Display-Action-Response" model?
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To show detailed dispalys and interactions in a single user interface element based on wireframes
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ID, Description, Display conditions, Behaviors, are exmpales of attributes of what technique?
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Wirefreames & Display-Action-Model
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Display-Action-Response models are traced directly to what?
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Wifreames, user stories, user interface flows, and data dictionaries
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What are "Measurement" tools and techniques used for?
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To measure solution performance after implementation
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What are the "Measurement" tools and techniques?
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- Metrics and KPIs- Organizational Readiness- Planguage- Service Level Agreement (SLA)
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What is a "Metric"?
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A standard of measurement, often associated with a goal or the performance or progress of something
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What is a "KPI"?
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Measures or pgoress torwards strategic goals and performance
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Commonly used metrics for measuring business performance are called what?
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KPIs (Key Performance Indicators)
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What is the term for the concept of tracking a solution's performance over time?
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Monitoring
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In the "Metrics & KPIs" technique, benefitis of the __ __ are compared to relevant performance metrics to assess and manage actual results
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Business Case
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The "Metrics & KPI" techniques include possible __ to measure to ensure they align with desired resutls
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Changes
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Finance, customer, employee, sustainability are characterisics of what technique?
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KPIs (Key Performance Indicators)
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What is "Organizational Readiness"?
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An assessment of how ready an organization is to accept a new solution
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What is "Planguage"?
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It is short for "Planning Language".
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What is the term for a set of closely defined identifiers (tags) used to describe and quantify specific elements of requirements
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Planguage
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Gist, Wish, Plan are sample tags of what technique?
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Planguage
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What is a "Service Level Agreement"?
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Commonly used in contract negotiations
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SLAs may also be used in an organization to articulate a __ to the business on service level expectations in relationship to a product
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Promise or Agreement
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Another term for an agreement detailing the nature, quality and scope of service to be provided
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Service Level Agreements (SLA)
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Availability percent, performance thresholds, and maintenance window are examples of what?
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Characteristics of a SLA
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What are "Prioritization" tools and techniques used for?
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To facilitate determining and documenting the priority (or desirability) of many options
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What are the "Prioritization" techniques?
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HML, MoSCoW, Multi-voting, Voting, and Weighted Criteria
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What is the "High, Medium, Low" prioritization technique?
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It's a subjective priotization technique in which the stakeholder(s) assign a High, Medium, or Low priority
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What can be a mitigation factor in the High, Medium, Low prioritization technique?
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Establishing clear criteria about what each constitutes
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What is "MoSCoW"?
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A Priotiziation technique used to rate requirements using specific ratings: Must-have, Should, Could, Won't
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What is "Voting"?
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Ideas are voted on by stakeholders to identfy the preferred ranking of ideas
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What are Process Analysis tools & techniques used for?
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To understand and document processes in order to elicit and capture process-related requirements
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What are the Process Analysis tools & techniques?
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- CRUD Matrix- Data Flow Diagrams- Dependency Graphs- Events- Process Models- Sequence Diagrams- Use Cases- User STories
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What is a CRUD Matrix?
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A matrix used to cross-check data and processes to ensure that aprocess is in place to create, read, update, and delete every entity
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A matrix used to show what should be created, read, updated, or deleted is what?
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CRUD Matrix
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What are CRUD Matrices used for?
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To help spot gaps
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True or False: CRUD matrices are helpful in documenting user permissions in a system
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TRUE. This is a good techniques for documenting user permissions
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What is a Dependency Graph?
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A visual deptiction of dependencies in system requirements, functions, or components
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True or False: There is a single method or process for developing the graph
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FALSE. There is NOT a single method
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What are Events?
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The process of analyzing business evnets in order to determine organizational responses needed to support the business
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Events are also known as what?
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Business Event Analysis
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External, Internal, and Time-based are what?
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Events
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What are the types of Events (in Business Event Analysis)?
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External, Internal, and Time-based
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What are "Process Models" used for?
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Visually documenting work performed in an organization, inclduing who does it and how they collaborate
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Process models can be used to do what?
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- Discover Requirements- Document inputs and outputs- Document the business analysis approach- Uncover Stakeholders
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What is a "Process"?
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A series of business steps performed to accomplish a goal, done in response to a trigger that transforms inputs to outputs
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What is a "Trigger" in a process?
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The event that causes an input to transform into an output
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Requests, actions, or time are what?
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Triggers
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True or False: Process models an be used at different stages and levels
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TRUE. They can be used at different levels (High, Medium, and Detailed)
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What is a "high-evel" view of a process?
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An "As-is" view of a current process
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When you need to understand stakeholders and handoffs between them, what level would your process model be at?
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Medium-level
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What is a "Detailed-level" of a process?
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A "To-be" view of future needs
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What are teh characteristics of Process Models?
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- Notation Elements- Terminal Points- Process Improvement
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What are the Notation Elements of a Process Model?
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Activities, Decisions, Events
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What is an "Activity" in a process model?
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Steps or tasks done to accomplish the goal of the process
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Activities in a process model can be __, and may be broken down into lower-level sub-rocesses
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Hierarchical
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What are "Decisions" in a process model?
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Variations in the process flow that deviate and optionally come back together.
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True or False: Variations in a wofklow can only have mutually exclusive flows
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FALSE. That can also have parallel flows
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What is another term for mutually exclusive or paralell flows in a process model?
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Forks/Joins
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What are "Events" in process models?
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Actions, requests, or time passages outside of a process that can initiatie, interrupt, or terminate the process
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What is a "Flow" event in a process model?
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The direction or path of a process
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Flow documents the __ and __ paths of a process, which can split and late rmerge together
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Primary and Alternate
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What is a "Role" event in a process model?
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Type of person, group, or system that participates in a process
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What is a "Swimlane" event in a process model?
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Segregated bands on a diagram that shows which roles performs which parts of a process
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What do flows that corss boundaries indicate on a swimlane?
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The passage of work to another another role, usually involving a handoff
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What is a "Terminal Point" on a process model?
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The point of beginning or ending a process
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Process models are often associated with what?
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Events
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True or False: a Terminal Point on a process models only show the ending of a process
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FALSE. They also show the beginning point.
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What is "Process Improvement"?
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A general name for a dscilipline that seeks to improve process efficiency and effectiveness
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What is BPI?
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An acronym for Business Process Improvement
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Six Sigma and Lean are two examples of what?
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Process Improvement
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What are the main parts of an activity diagram?
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Activity steps, control flows, forks and joins, decision points, guard conditions
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What shape represents a process (activity step) in an activity diagram?
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Rounded Rectangle
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What is a "Control Flow" in an activity diagram?
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An arrow that depicts the directional flow of the activities
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A "Transition" is another term for what in a UML activity diagram?
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Control Flow
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What do Forks and Joins indicate on an activity diagram?
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Where decisions are made (shown as an empty diamond)
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What is a "Guard Condition" in an activity diagram?
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A condition form a deciion that will return either a "true" or "false"
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A decision can have many guard conditions, but will have only one guard condition that is what?
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TRUE
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What are the main parts of a swimlane flowchart?
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Terminal points, Activities & Flows, Swimlanes & Roles, Decisions
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What is a "Sequence Diagram"?
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UML diagrams that show th einteractions between objects in a system
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What is an "Object" in a sequence diagram?
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A specific instance of a class
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Along with acitivity diagrams, __ diagrams are useful to visually model use cases and scenarios
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Sequence
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What is anoter use of sequence diagrams?
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To provide design-like details for how user interface or software elements should work
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Who are the prime users of sequence diagrams?
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Designers and Developers
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Sequence diagrams depend on __ diagrams
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Class
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What is a "Use Case"?
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A technique to describe how actors interact with a system to accomplish a goal or respond to events
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What is a "Use Case Model"?
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A model that combines 1) a graphical system overview showing actors, use cases, and their interfaces, 2) written narratives that detail the interactions between actors and the system
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What is a "Use Case Scenario"?
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One instance of a use case, whether it is a primary or alternate path (or flow) through the use case
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How can use cases be used?
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To verify with business, and effectively communicate requirements to development team
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What is the difference between a Use Case and Scenario?
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Scenarios are jsut one aspect of a use case narrative, namely a primary or alternate path through the use case
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A Use Case can be thought of as a group of related __
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Scenarios
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What is the primary path in a use case?
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The main or simplest path through the use case for hte actor to achieve their goal
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What is another label for a primary path in a use case?
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Normal
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What is an "Alternate" path on a use case?
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A deviation from the Primary Path (whether variations, errors, or exceptions)
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True or False: alternate paths must recommend with the primary path
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FALSE. Alternate paths may reconnect with the primary path or have their own ending to the use case
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What are the characteristics of a Use Case?
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Name, Actors, Preconditions, Post-conditions, Flow of Events
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What format is the name of a Use Case usually written in?
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Verb-noun combination
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What is an "Actor" in a use case?
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The roles that people, groups, events, and time play in a system as they interact with use cases
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What is a "pre-condition" in a use case?
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A conditio, state, or event that must be true for a use case to begin
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What is a "post-condition" in a use case?
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A condition, state, or event thatwill be true when a use case ends
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What is the "Flow of events" in a use case?
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The steps detailing the interaction bewteen an actor and the system
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What are the components of a use case?
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Actors, Associations, Boundary Box, Use Case
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True or False: Actors on a use case diagram must be associated with at least one use case
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TRUE. They may also be connected to several
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An association on a Use Case Diagram may also be called what?
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An Interface
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What represents the systems boundary in a use case?
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Boundary Box
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Use Case Diagrams can be used to depict what?
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Scope
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What relationships may be shown on a use case diagram?
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Generalization, Extend, and Include
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What is an Extend point in a use case?
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An optional, pre-defined point in a use case for extensions or ehancements to take place
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What is a "User Story"?
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Brief statements that describe functional requirements at a high, arrative level that are generally used in adaptive projects
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User stories focus on __ requiremnets
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Behavior
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The hallmark of user stories is that they are what?
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- Written by users to establish ownership of requirements- To facilitate communication- Encourage participation
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Each user story should represent a different user and should be ___
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Atomic
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True or False: When buidling a system to support a user story, additional requirements will need to be gathered
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TRUE. They may be data, interface, or navigational requirements
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What is the trade-off of user stories?
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That they are a "light" set of requirements documentation
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What is the format of a user story?
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As a , I want , so that
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What are the three components of a user story
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Actor, Description, Benefit
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True or False: a User Story is a complete requirement
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FALSE. Acceptance Criteria must also be defined for each user story, in order for it to be considered complete
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