Physiology -- Endocrine

Front 1

adrenal cortex produces how many types of hormones from how many zones of cortex?

Back 1

3 types
3 zones

Front 2

medulla produces...

Back 2

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Front 3

portion of adrenals dreived from mesoderm...

ectoderm...

Back 3

cortex (80-90% meso)
medulla (ecto)

Front 4

adrenal zone that secretes mainly aldosterone

Back 4

zona glomerulosa

Front 5

cortex zone (adrenal) that secretes glucucorticoids (mainly cortisol)

Back 5

zona fasciculata

Front 6

adrenal cortex zone that secretes androgens (mainly DHEA)

Back 6

zona reticularis

Front 7

adrenal medulla ______ cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 7

chromaffin

Front 8

_____carried in plasma by binding proteins, have cytosolic receptors, regulate gene expression

Back 8

steroid hormones

Front 9

aldosterone is a form of ___

Back 9

mineralocorticoids

Front 10

function of aldosterone

Back 10

increases rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys ...increasing sodium blood levels

Front 11

increases fat & protein breakdown, increases glucose synthesis, decreases inflammatory response

Back 11

cortisol

Front 12

sex steroids (primarily androgens) main response

Back 12

minor importance in males; females -- development of secondary sexual characteristics such as axillary and pubic hair

Front 13

95% of hormonal activity is due to _____

Back 13

aldosterone

Front 14

function of mineralocorticoids

Back 14

maintains homeostasis of Na & K.
increase reabsorption of Na
promote secretion of K & H (pH regulation)

Front 15

hypersecretion

Back 15

tumor producing aldosteronism
*hi BP due to retention of Na & water in blood

Front 16

Regulation of Aldosterone ****

Back 16

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway (RAA)
slide #9 (adrenals)

Front 17

where is the ACE located

Back 17

in the lungs

Front 18

5 factors that stimulate aldosterone release
slide 10

Back 18

1- ACTH
2- conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
3- Hyperkalemia
4- hyponatremia
5- decrease in BP

Front 19

95% of glucocorticoid activity is due to ____

Back 19

cortisol

Front 20

fxn of glucocorticoids

Back 20

help regulate metabolism (increase glu)

Front 21

diurnal fluctuations in glucocorticoids

Back 21

high 6am - noon

Front 22

other glucocorticoid fxns

Back 22

increase rate of protein catabolism (breakdown)
conversion of amino acids to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
stimulate lipolysis
provide resistance to stress by making nutrients available for ATP production
raise BP by vasoconstriction
anti-inflammatory effects (skin cream)
reduce release of histamine from mast cells
decrease capillary permeability
depress phagocytosis
Depress immune responses (organ transplant patients)
Diurnal fluctuations – high 6 am - noon (importance in knowing time of test)

Front 23

"stress hormone"

Back 23

cortisol

Front 24

cortisol has a _____ on the other 2 stress hormones, glucagon & epinephrine.

Back 24

permissive effect

Front 25

regulation of glucocorticoids

Back 25

negative feedback

Front 26

the major androgen

Back 26

DHEA

Front 27

DHEA fxns

Back 27

insignificant in males
contribute to sex drive in females (libido)
is converted to estrogens which have feminizing effects; it is the only source of estrogen in postmenopausal females
Stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls
Contributes to growth spur during puberty

Front 28

______ stimulates secretion of DHEA

Back 28

ACTH

Front 29

??? -- genetic disorder, defective cortisol synth, hi ACTH secretion, ACTH leads to enlargement of adrenal cortex & accum of cortisol prescursors, some of which can be converted to testosterone

Back 29

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Front 30

masculinization =

Back 30

virilism

Front 31

??? hypersecretion of cortisol
(due to increased ACTH levels (most often not pituitary tumors), or adrenal tumors

Back 31

cushing's syndrome

Front 32

chromaffin cells in _____ recieve direct innervation from _____

Back 32

- adrenal medulla
- sympathetic nervous system

Front 33

epinephrine & norepi. are considered

Back 33

neurohormones
(they have a short half life)

these hormones are sympathomimetic

Front 34

_____ increases hormone secretion by adrenal medulla

Back 34

Ach (acetylcholine)

Front 35

3 factors that cause the release of epinephrine

Back 35

exercise
emergencies
exposure to cold

Front 36

summary of adrenal gland hormones

Back 36

Front 37

note parallel b/w ANS & adrenal medulla

Back 37

Front 38

regulation of adrenal medullary secretions

Back 38

Front 39

symptoms of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Back 39

Front 40

pathophysiology of adrenal cortex

Back 40

Front 41

more path of adrenal cortex

Back 41

Front 42

cortisol effects

Back 42

Front 43

regulation of aldosterone

Back 43

Front 44

what are considered master endocrine glands

Back 44

hypothalamus & pituitary

Front 45

stalk pituitary is suspended from ____

Back 45

infundibulum

Front 46

_______ controls pituitary gland with releasing & inhibiting hormones

Back 46

hypothalamus

Front 47

hypophesis =

Back 47

pituitary gland

Front 48

how many hormones secreted by pituitary

Back 48

9 major hormones & stimulating hormones

Front 49

_____ makes up 75% of pituitary
develops from roof of mouth (Rathke's pouch)

Back 49

Anterior lobe

Front 50

_______ makes up 25% of pituitary

Back 50

posterior lobe

Front 51

neuroglial cells found in the posterior lobe

Back 51

pituicytes

Front 52

post. pituitary =

Back 52

neurohypophysis

Front 53

ant. pituitary =

Back 53

adenohypophysis

Front 54

slide 6

Back 54

Front 55

pituitary gland

Back 55

Front 56

pituitary nuclei

Back 56

Front 57

relationship of hypo to brain

Back 57

Front 58

hormones of anterior pituitary

Back 58

Front 59

human growth hormone is produced by ______

Back 59

somatotrophs

Front 60

hgh within target cells increase the synthesis of _____

Back 60

insulinlike growth factors (IGF)

Front 61

common target cells of hgh

Back 61

liver, skeletal mm, cartilage, and bone

Front 62

hgh stimulates _____ in adipocytes so fatty acids are used for ATP

Back 62

lipolysis

Front 63

hgh stimulates ______ & ______ in the liver (increasing blood glucose levels)

Back 63

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Front 64

______ retards the uptake of glucose by muscle so blood glucose levels remain hi enough to supply brain

Back 64

HGH

Front 65

low blood sugar stimulates the release of ______ from hypothalamus

Back 65

GHRH
(ant pit. releases more hgh, more glycogen broken down into glucose by liver cells)

Front 66

hi blood sugar stimulates the release of ______ from hypothalamus

Back 66

GHIH
(less hgh from ant. pit., glycogen does not breakdown into glucose)

Front 67

regulation of hgh

Back 67

Front 68

factors affecting growth hormone secretion

Back 68

Front 69

reg of growth hormone secretion

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Front 70

excess growth hormone may lead to _______ & _________

Back 70

insulin resistance and glucose intolerance
(raises blood glucose conc, pancreas releases insulin continually, beta cell burnout)

Front 71

diabetogenic effect of hGh

Back 71

diabetes mellitis if no insulin activity can occur

Front 72

______ cells produce TSH

Back 72

thyrotroph cells
--hypothalamus regulates these

Front 73

TSH is a _______ with alpha and beta subunits

Back 73

glycoprotein

Front 74

TSH stimulates the synthesis & secretion of _____ & _____

Back 74

T3 and T4

Front 75

______ is stimulated by TSH

Back 75

metabolic rate

Front 76

_______ hormone from hypothalamus controls gonadotrophs in ant. pituitary

Back 76

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 77

gonadotrophs release _______ hormone

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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Front 78

FSH fxn in females (2)

Back 78

- initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary
- stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen

Front 79

FSH fxn in males

Back 79

stimulates sperm production in testes

Front 80

gonadotrophs produce _____

Back 80

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Front 81

in females LH stimulates (3)

Back 81

ovary - to secrete estrogen
ovulation 2o oocyte
formation of corpus luteum which secretes progesterone

Front 82

in males LH stimulates _______ to secrete testosterone

Back 82

interstitial (Leydig) cells

Front 83

prolactin causes _______ synthesis

Back 83

milk

Front 84

prolactin is produced by _____ which is regulated by the hypothalamus

Back 84

lactotrophs

Front 85

suckiling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition and ____

Back 85

prolactin levels rise along with milk production

Front 86

PRL stimulates (3)

Back 86

- breast development
- lactogenesis
- inhibits ovulation

Front 87

t/f PRL is released more during the day

Back 87

f
(10pm - 7am)

Front 88

regulation of prolactin secretion

Back 88

Front 89

_____ releasing hormones (CRH) stimulate corticotrophs

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hypothalamus

Front 90

corticotrophs secrete ____ & ____

Back 90

ACTH & MSH

Front 91

ACTH stimulates cells of the _____

Back 91

adrenal cortex

Front 92

melanocyte stimulating hormone is secreted by _____

Back 92

corticotroph cells (from pars intermedia of ant. pit)

Front 93

CRH increases MSH release from the ______

Back 93

ant. pituitary

Front 94

principle actions of ant. pituitary hormones

Back 94

Front 95

ant pituitary hormone pneu..

Back 95

fat lips grip p.... + MSH
scs h h r
hth l
h

Front 96

part of pituitary that does not synthesize hormones

Back 96

Posterior

Front 97

neurons release 2 _______ that enter capillaries and the systemic circulation

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neurohormones
- antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin

Front 98

______ is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus

Back 98

ADH (antidiuretic horm)

Front 99

oxytocin is synthesized in the ______

Back 99

paraventricular nucleus

Front 100

what is the difference b/w ADH & oxytocin

Back 100

2 amino acids

Front 101

2 target tissues of oxytocin

Back 101

uterus and mammary glands
(both involved in neuroendocrine reflexes)

Front 102

what hormone released enhances uterine muscle contraction during birth

Back 102

oxytocin

Front 103

what hormone causes contraction of lactiferous ducts & milk ejection 'milk letdown'

Back 103

oxytocin

Front 104

oxytocin during labor

Back 104

Front 105

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) known as vasopressin or _____

Back 105

arginine vasopressin

Front 106

major goal of ADH

Back 106

decrease water loss to decrease blood osmolarity

Front 107

ADH decreases urine production by increasing _____

Back 107

water reabsorption from kidneys

ADH also decreases sweating
and increases BP

Front 108

lack of ADH causes ______

Back 108

diabetes insipidus

Front 109

ADH released/inhibited during dehydration/overhydration

Back 109

dehydration - ADH release
overhydration - ADH inhibited

Front 110

regulation of ADH

Back 110

Front 111

posterior pituitary hormones

Back 111

Front 112

pituitary pathophysiology

Back 112

Front 113

calcium moves into bone as ____ build new bone

Back 113

osteoblasts

Front 114

calcium moves out of bone as _____ break bone down

Back 114

osteoclasts

Front 115

Calcium involved in (3) these body systems

Back 115

-nerve & muscle cell function
-blood clotting
-enzyme function in many biochemical reactions

Front 116

Ca too high can lead to _____

Back 116

cardiac arrest

Front 117

Ca too low can lead to _______

Back 117

respiratory arrest

Front 118

Ca exists in 3 pools

Back 118

- bound form- in plasma- nondiffusable across cap's (41%)
-non ionized- but bound to anions- diffusable (9%)
- ionized Ca- diffusable (50%)

Front 119

calcium exchange

Back 119

Front 120

elevated extracellular Ca levels prevent _______

Back 120

membrane depolarization

Front 121

decreased Ca levels lead to ________ generation

Back 121

spontaneous action potential

Front 122

_________ increases Ca extracellular levels and decreases extracellular phosphate levels

Back 122

PTH

Front 123

________ stimulates Ca uptake in intestines

Back 123

vitamin D

Front 124

_______ decreases extracellular Ca levels

Back 124

calcitonin

Front 125

calcium homeostasis

Back 125

Front 126

minor changes in ______ have a powerful effect on PTH and calcitonin secretion

Back 126

calcium

Front 127

effects of plasma Ca conc.

Back 127

Front 128

Vitamin D stimulates (2)

Back 128

1-synthesis of Ca binding protein in intestinal cells
2-Ca-ATPase to pump it out of cells into capillaries

Front 129

3 major organs necessary for production of vitamin D

Back 129

skin
liver
kidneys

Front 130

calcium absorption by enterocytes

Back 130

Front 131

small decrease in plasma Ca has dramatic effect on formation of _______

Back 131

vitamin D

Front 132

hypercalcemia

Back 132

- Depresses NS and neuromuscular reflexes; hyporeflexia
*decreases muscle activity; lethargy
*decreases QT interval;
*constipation, lack of appetite
*CaPO4 start to precipitate at high Ca levels

Front 133

hypocalcemia

Back 133

-NS excitement
*low extacellular [Ca] causes an increase in membrane permeability to Na, depolarizing membranes to threshold
*Hyperreflexia, spontaneous twitching, muscle cramps
*Over-excitation may result in tetany
*Chvostek sign – twitching of facial muscles elicited by tapping on the facial nerve
*Trousseau sign – carpopedal spasm upon inflation of a blood pressure cuff

Front 134

in normal conditions reabsorption of phosphate occurs at the max rate where?

Back 134

nephron

Front 135

A _______ in plasma phosphate increases amount of phosphate in nephron beyond which can be reabsorbed (excess is lost in urine)

Back 135

Increase

Front 136

regulation of phosphate ions

Back 136

Front 137

regulation of blood phosphate

Back 137

Front 138

effects of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate metabolism

Back 138

Front 139

"stones, bones, & groans" ==

Back 139

hyperparathyroidism
stones--hypercalciurea
bones--bone resorption
groans--constipation

Front 140

in pancreas, the cells (99%) in the _______ produce digestive enzymes

Back 140

Acini

Front 141

Cell organization in the pancreas...

Back 141

exocrine cells surround a small duct.

endocrine cells secrete near a capillary

Front 142

pancreas contains ______ types of endocrine cells

Back 142

4 types

Front 143

alpha cells produce _____
beta cells produce ______
delta cells produce _____
f cells produce _____

Back 143

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

Front 144

when you say insulin, i think _______

Back 144

storage
CHO, fat, protein

Front 145

insulin effects on glucose metabolism on mm:
glucose uptake by muscle

Back 145

promotes mm glucose uptake and metabolism; resting mm fibers are only slightly permeable to glucose. insulin increases permeability. permeability is also increased during heavy exercise.

Front 146

insulin effects on glucose metabolism on mm:
glycogenesis -

Back 146

promotes storage of glycogen in mm.

Front 147

insulin promotes ________ in the liver

Back 147

uptake, storage and use of glucose

Front 148

______ inactivates liver phosphorylase (splits glycogen

Back 148

insulin

Front 149

insulin on liver
- _______ activity of glycogen synthase

Back 149

increases

Front 150

insulin on liver
- ______ glucose uptake
- ______ activity of glucokinase

Back 150

increase
increase

Front 151

insulin on liver
- promotes conversion of glucose into _____ & _____

Back 151

FA's and triglycerides

Front 152

insulin levels drop..on liver
- activation of ______ & _____

Back 152

phosphorylase
glucose phosphatase

Front 153

effect of insulin on the brain

Back 153

No effect on the brain
-brain cells are permeable to glu irrespective of insulin

Front 154

insulin effects on lipid metabolism

Back 154

promotes fat synthesis and storage

Front 155

Liver: after enough glycogen is formed ______ is used to synthesize lipids

Back 155

glucose
(glu-->pyruvate-->acetyl CoA-->Fatty acids

Front 156

FA are secreted by ______

Back 156

liver
VLDL lipoprotein carriers in plasma

Front 157

what breaks down triglycerides for absorption

Back 157

lipoprotein lipase -- insulin activated

Front 158

insulin effects on adipose cells (5)

Back 158

1- stimulate glu uptake
2- stimulate triglyceride uptake
3- increase conversion of CHO into fat
4- inhibits lipases to prevent fat catabolism and induces the formation of glycerol phsphate
5- decrease ketone body production

Front 159

insulin lack results in (3)

Back 159

lipolysis
increased free FA in plasma (arteriosclerosis)
liver produces excess acetoacetic acid (ketosis)

Front 160

Insulin promotes protein synthesis..

Back 160

-Stimulates amino acid uptake by tissues, e.g. Val, Leu, Ile, Tyr, and Phe
-Increases protein translation from mRNA (turns-on ribosome machinery)
-Regulates gene expression
-Inhibits protein catabolism
-Decreases gluconeogenesis (from aa)
-Interacts synergistically (not simply additive effects) with growth h-e

Front 161

insulin lack & protein metabolism ==>

Back 161

protein degradation and increased plasma levels of aa

Front 162

effects of gh, in, & gh + in

Back 162

Front 163

factors affecting insulin secretion

Back 163

Front 164

regulation of insulin secretion

Back 164

Front 165

Glucagon – secreted by alpha cells; opposite effects to insulin; 29 aa long; major effects:

Back 165

--Stimulates liver glycogenolysis
--Increase gluconeogenesis in liver
--Stimulates lipolysis
--NET= increase glu availability to other tissues

Front 166

glycogenolysis

Back 166

a) Activates adenylyl cyclase – increase cAMP
b) Increase protein kinase regulatory proteins
c) Which activate phosphorylase b kinase
d) Which converts phosphorylase b to a
e) Phosphorylase a splits glycogen into glu-1-P, glu-1-P is de-P and released from liver
Great example of 2nd messenger system and amplification of signal

Front 167

glucagon increases gluconeogenesis...

Back 167

Increase aa uptake and synthesis of glu, activates necessary enzymes

Front 168

Lipolysis

Back 168

activates lipases in adipose cells – FA available for energy (to preserve glu)

Front 169

Stimulatory effects on glucagon release

Back 169

Decreased glu in blood
Increased aa in blood
Exercise
Fasting
Ach, beta-adrenergic agonists

Front 170

inhibitory effects on glucagon release

Back 170

insulin, somatostatin, glu, free FA and ketones

Front 171

factors affecting glucagon secretion

Back 171

Front 172

major actions of glucagon and effect on blood levels

Back 172

Front 173

regulation of glucagon & insulin secretion

Back 173

Front 174

_____ blood glucose stimulates release of glucagon

Back 174

low

Front 175

_____ blood glucose stimulates secretion of insulin

Back 175

high

Front 176

_______ is secreted by delta cells
- inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
- decrease motility of stomach, duodenum and gall bladder
- decreases secretion and absorption in GI

Back 176

somatostatin

Front 177

NB somatostatin =GHIH=growth hormone

Back 177

inhibitory hormone secreted by the hypothalamus to suppress anterior pituitary's secretion of growth h-e

Front 178

pancreas chart

Back 178

Front 179

______ results from inadequate secretion of insulin or inability of tissues to respond to insulin

Back 179

diabetes mellitus

Front 180

2 types of diabetes mellitus

Back 180

type I.-- or IDDM (insulin dependent)
*develops in young people
type II.-- or NIDDM (non-insulin dependent)
*develops in people older than 40-45
*more common

Front 181

Type I (decrease in insulin secretion)

Back 181

Low insulin because of defective -cells (e.g. autoimmune disorders, viral infections); glucose levels in blood reach very high levels: 1. Glucose in urine: dehydration (direct effect on cell, indirect effect on kidney = osmotic diuresis): polyurea, intracellular + extracellular dehydration, thirstSecondary effect = hypertension
2. Increased utilization of fats – ketoacidosis; Secondary effect – increased cholesterol in blood – atherosclerosis
3. Protein breakdown – weight loss, hunger
Treatment – insulin therapy

Front 182

Type II = decrease in sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance)

Back 182

Patients are obese
Easier to treat with diet, caloric restrictions
Drugs that:
- increase insulin sensitivity: thiazolidinediones and metformin
- increase insulin secretion:
Sulfonylureas
insulin therapy may be required

Front 183

effects of insulin on nutirent flow

Back 183

Front 184

effects of glucagon on nutrient flow

Back 184

Front 185

regulation of blood nutrient levels

Back 185

Front 186

summary of pancreatic islet hormones

Back 186

Front 187

what are eicosanoids?

Back 187

local hormones released by all body cells.
2 types - leukotrienes & prostaglandins

Front 188

NSAIDs treat pain, fever, & inflammation by inhibiting ______

Back 188

prostaglandin synthesis

Front 189

prostaglandin biosynthesis

Back 189

Front 190

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Back 190

How aspirin or ibuprofen works was discovered in 1971
inhibit a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis without affecting the synthesis of leukotrienes
Treat a variety of inflammatory disorders
rheumatoid arthritis
Usefulness of aspirin to treat fever & pain implies prostaglandins are responsible for those symptoms

Front 191

major role of prostaglandins

Back 191

control of vascular smooth mm

Front 192

localized actions of PGE/F on the microcirculation

Back 192

adjust local blood flow in response to changing metabolic requirements of the tissue

Front 193

in tissue hypoxia --PGE production _______ does what?

Back 193

relaxes vascular smooth mm

Front 194

what are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation

Back 194

Prostacyclins - PGI

Front 195

Thromboxanes facts

Back 195

produced by platelets (A2)

their level is elevated during clotting

may play role as Ca ionophore to increase [Ca];
Ca in turn may regulate the changes in cellular shape needed for platelet aggregation

Action may be confined to cells that produce them

Front 196

leukotrienes

Back 196

made in leukocytes; leukocytes may be considered wandering endocrine cells
potent vasoconstrictors
increase vascular permeability
induce inflammation or allergic responses in sites of injury or invasion by foreign proteins
function locally

Front 197

other hormones produced by other organs (besides pancreas) and tissues that contain endocrine cells

Back 197

Front 198

summary of hormones produced by other organs and tissues that contain

Back 198

Front 199

summary of growth factors

Back 199

Front 200

summary of growth factors

Back 200

Front 201

summ tables

Back 201

Front 202

summ table

Back 202

Front 203

summ tables

Back 203

Front 204

summ tables

Back 204

Front 205

summary tables

Back 205

Front 206

these cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), and are more numerous

Back 206

Principal (chief) cells

Front 207

Parathyroid hormone is a major regulator of _____ (3)

Back 207

Ca
Mg
hydrogen phosphate

Front 208

PTH raises blood Ca levels, causing these effects ____ (4)

Back 208

increase activity of osteoclasts
increase reabsorption of Ca by kidney
inhibits reabsorption of phosphate
promotes form. of calcitriol by kidney which increases absorption of Ca & Mg by intestinal tract

Front 209

PTH has the opposite fxn of ____

Back 209

calcitonin

Front 210

regulation of calcium blood levels

Back 210

Front 211

effects of PTH on bones

Back 211

stimulates osteoclasts (bone degrading cells) resulting in bone resorption and increase of Ca+2 and HPO4-2 levels in blood

Front 212

effects of PTH on kidneys (3)

Back 212

1. Slows rate of Ca+2 and Mg+2 loss from blood into the urine (stimulates Ca+2 and Mg+2 reabsorption);
2. Increases loss of HPO4 -2 from blood into urine [HPO4 -2 loss is greater than HPO4 -2 gain from bone reabsorption] for a net decrease of HPO4 -2 in plasma;
3. Stimulates formation of calcitriol (the active form of vit.D).

Front 213

effects of PTH on GI

Back 213

Indirectly - calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of Ca+2, Mg+2, and HPO4 –2

Front 214

regulation of PTH secretion

Back 214

Front 215

summary of parathyroid gland hormone

Back 215

Front 216

causes & symptomes of hypersecretion & hyposecretion of PTH

Back 216

Front 217

the only endocrine gland that stores its hormone in large quantity (100 days)

Back 217

thyroid gland

Front 218

_______ cells secrete calcitonin which reduces calcium concentration in body fluids when levels are elevated

Back 218

parafollicular cells

Front 219

thyroid hormones are transported in blood & bind wth intracellular _______ receptor and initiate new protein synthesis

Back 219

nuclear

Front 220

thyroid hormones _______ rate of glucose, fat, protein metabolism in many tissues thus ______ body temp

Back 220

increase
increase

Front 221

____ is predominantly secreted thyroid hormone
_____ is the most potent

Back 221

T4
T3

Front 222

3 organs that convert T4 to T3

Back 222

liver, kidney, pituitary

Front 223

pathophys of thryroid hormones

Back 223

Front 224

summary of thyroid gland hormones

Back 224