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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oldest true hominid
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anamensis
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anamensis
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Mauve Leaky
Teeth and jaw very ape-like Post cranial remains Stress and weight on the joint – heavy tibia |
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afarensis
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A lot of these fossils
Can see the parameters of the population |
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Lucy
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40% complete hominid
After the Beatles song AL288-1 – technical name Stand for the location – afar locality ancient delta She was a Biped pelvic bone so we know she was a female 3 ½ feet tall 2.5 years before present Not a lot of trauma - Means she might have died in water |
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Hadar
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Very important site for H. erectus
Leakey family brought a lot of interest to this site which brings money which funds the research. |
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Java Man
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700,000-500,000 years before present
Pithecanthropus erectus Changed name to Homo erectus Typical homo erectus material |
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Major Homo erectus sites - Asia
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Trinil - Java
Zhoukoudian - Peking |
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Major Homo erectus sites - Africa
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Koobi-Fora - East Lake Turkana
Nariokotome - West Lake Turkana South Africa Algeria - North Africa |
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European Homo erectus materials
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Highly questionable because of age
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Homo erectus - Peking Man Materials
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Zhoukoudian site
40 individuals 600,000-250,000 y.b.p. Stone tools Processed animal bones Evidence of use of fire People did not live long |
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Peking man vs. Java man
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two major differences
Peking man as a population smaller in stature but had larger brain capacity lower end of the brain capacity of Homo erectus range from java larger from peking man because it is a more recent population |
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Homo erectus in Asia - Dmanisi
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1991 - Discovered a mandible with 16 intact teeth
1.7m y.b.p. 1997 - discovered 2 small crania Brain capacity with brain capacity 800cc 2002 Also found materials with much smaller brain capacity 600cc Because of the difference in the brain capacity they are hard to classify Some say they are first He but some people say they are Hh Some people classify as H. ergaster |
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Homo Erectus in Africa
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South, North and East
East Lake Turkana 1.8 + m.y.b.p West Lake Tukana - Nariokotome most complete Homo erectus material |
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Homo erectus - Nariokotome
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West Turkana boy or wt 15,000 material
Young boy around 11 years old Tall 5'6" adult he would have been 6' 1.6 m.y.b.p. 880 cc brain capacity - his brain capacity would have not grown much more because around puberty brain stops growing Discovered 1884 Almost complete skeleton |
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Homo erectus - Olduvai Gorge
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Thickest cranial bones and the thickest browridge of any hominid
Range 1.4-500K years before present |
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Homo erectus - South Africa
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Use of Fire
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Homo erectus - Ternifine
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Jaw material
Not in all H. erectus but typically the 3rd molar is smaller which is opposite in human and the parabolic arcade is straight and not curved like ours |
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Homo erectus - Europe
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Highly questionable they are classified as H. erectus because of the age
Transitionary Processed animal bones Stone tools Some cannibalism |
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Oldest H. erectus
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from East Lake Turkana
1.8 million years before present |
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Most complete H. erectus
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Nariokotome boy or WT 15,000 material
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Typical H. erectus characteristics
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Thick brow ridge
Long low profile of the brain case Angular occipital long low 750-1200 cc brain capacity Brain Asymmetry Occipital Tauros |
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Hadar site - location 333
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13 individuals
Like they were walking together and looked like they all died together No babies or old people Young children and some adults |
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Hadar site - 2006 discovery
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Young child in Ethiopia
at least 3 years of age complete skull and teeth found knee cap fingers with natural curve scapula and leg bones |
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Laetoli Footprints
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Discovered by Mary Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge
A. afarensis footprints by two individuals on ancient lava bed (now Serengeti plains) 75 foot trail of footprints in what was the soft lava Same footprints that you or I would leave Bipedal 3.7 million years ago |
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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Teeth Reduced canines & molars Sexual dimorphism – males slightly larger canines and diastima
Between parabolic and u shaped First lower premolars – semi-sectorial premolars One large cusp and one small one Dimorphism – female 3.5 feet Males 5 feet Gracil Slightly longer arms than legs Wrist bones arranged like apes Fingers like modern human fingers short but ape-like slight curve |
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Hominid - Kenyanthropus
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Classification is questionable
Robust forms from East Africa 1985 Richard Leakey and Allen Walker very primitive robust form in West Lake Turkana Primitive robust form because of sagital crest small brain around 45 cu/cm which is small. Has a muzzle and has large molar and premolar. 2.5 million years before present |
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Hominid - Boisei
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Olduvai Gorge
Young individual – bones aren’t united on sagital crest 18-19 year old male Highly eggagerated robust characteristics Hyper robust forms – shape of the Forman magnums are heart shaped |
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Louis Leakey and family
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Very interested in primates most discoveries made by his wife Mary
Popularized anthropology and got a lot of money Didn’t find any homonoid fossils for 30 years 1959 Read Darwin and Maltus Looked near ancient lake beds because people had to live near water |
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Australopithecus bahrelghazali
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Central Africa – Chad
1995 by a French team by Michelle Brunel partial jaw with 7 teeth Lke an aferensis jaw Early hominids were widely distributed more so than originally thought |
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Australopithecus garhi
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Found with stone tools and processed animal bones so they were using tools and eating meat
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4.2 million years before present
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Oldest Astrolopithicus animensis
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Lucy - Why important?
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most complete hominid 40% complete
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Australopithecus bahrelghazalia
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Shows wide distribution
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Hyper robust general dates
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2.3-1.2 m.y.b.p
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Oldest Australopithecus
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3.9 m.y.b.p
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Hypotheses (Models) for why Hominids became Bipedal
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Male foraging model (hypothesis)
Access to food model (also suspect) Heat escape model Maximizing dietary quality model Bioenergetics thermoregulation model |
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Behavior of early Hominids
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Became bipedal first
*key frees the hands at all times- can manipulate the environment Soon after you see the use of stone tools Around the same time we see processed animal bones Selected for tool makers – because they can feed better Those who make better tools are selected for better because they are smarter Smaller teeth because of processed food |
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Male foraging model
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American model that bipedalism was selected in males so that they could come back and carry food back to females that were sexually faithful (highly suspect the sexual part) Females to carry offspring in their arms
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Access to food model
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Bipedalism was selected for so they could reach the food that they couldn’t reach before
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Heat escape model
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Bipedalism was selected for so they could regulate their body temp better.
Living in open savannah woodland environment exposed to sun all the times. – upright less solar radiation 60% less Interferes with your temp but also less mutation |
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Maximizing dietary quality model
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All animals require energy for daily activities – don’t spend as much time looking for food but spend the time reproducing
Seasonal, not as plentiful – burn less calories than on all fours Conserve more energy for reproduction |
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Bioenergetics thermoregulation model
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Food resources are dispersed and you have to look for them and spend a lot of energy to look spend less walking upright
Time of the activity – thermoregulations Large predators which hunts at nights or early in the morning or in the evening sleep during the midday for them to be safe they had to look for food midday in the heat so walking upright helps you regulate your body temp at that time better |
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What is associated with processed animal bones
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Associated with brain growth because they are eating meat
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Why do we consider bipedalism the most important prerequisite for classifying hominid?
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Hunting and gathering brought division of labor by sex. They developed homebases where males and females share the products of their labor. These are all the defining aspects of human culture
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Phylogony
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Way to classify relatedness between species.
No right or wrong as long as you can explain why Can separate by diet or region etc. |
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Homo haiblis - Handy Man
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Oluvai Gorge
Gracile with more human like features Probably the stone tool makers |
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Homo rudolfansis
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East Lake Turkana
Larger brain capacity |
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Australopithecus vs. Homo
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Post cranial identical
Major difference in skull Homo has larger brain Fossil has 600 cm brain capacity genus homo Homo has smaller teeth Homo Flatter faces Homo Parabolic dental arcade |
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H. habilis - Oldowan Tradition
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1 m.y.b.p best stone tools and studied
Flakes Cores – chopping tools (choppers) |
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What do anthropologists look for before they call something a tool
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Look for specific things before they call them tools
Regularity of shape Found with evidence of manufacture or things they were used on like flakes, bones, etc Raw material itself – is it present at the site If not it’s been brought from somewhere |
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Tool
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an artifact that was used for a specific purpose
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Homo erectus - dates
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Homo erectus 1.8-200,000 y.b.f.p.
*Shaky at around 200,000 years – see transitional forms about 500,000 years ago |
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General characteristics of Homo erectus
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Facial skeleton is still bigger than brain case
Thick Cranial bones Range of brain capacity is 750-1250 cc (900-2100 cc modern human) First Brain Asymmetry – two hemispheres are not identical Mandible – Internal chin, no external chin Brian case profile is low and long Facial skeleton forward projection in the lower face Well proportioned teeth Toward strong teeth -Shovel-shaped front teeth Taurodontism Cranaliation of molar enamel Larger – 5’6” average height some males 6’ first time in fossil record same proportions in arms and legs in human Lean and strong |
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Brain Asymmetry
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First found in H. erectus
two hemispheres are not identical |
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Mandibular Torus in H. erectus
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Internal thick buttress area internal chin in place of external chin
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H. erectus - Shovel-shaped front teeth
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Back of the front teeth has an extra ridge of enamel – prominent among Inuit and some Asians
Makes teeth stronger |
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Taurodontism in H. erectus
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Hardening and of the pulp cavity
Pulp cavity is the innermost part of teeth |
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H. erectus - Cranialation of molar enamel
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Wrinkles on itself on the bottom post cranially
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H. erectus characteristics – Diagnostic
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Brow ridge – straight across the forehead
Xray – solid bone (Neanderthal hollow) Top of skull looks like a roof – parietal bones pinch in and form a ridge – sagital keel – thickening of the bone Angular occipital bone with a occipital Taurus – thick bone 5 sided with an angle and a torus |
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First hominids to enter the Americas and Australia were
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anatomically modern humans
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The characteristic tools of Upper Paleolithic were
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blades and burins
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Based on the archeological evidence the first hominids that started to use fire were
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Homo erectus
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Based on the archeological evidence the first hominids that started to bury their dead were
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neanderthal
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Vasodilation
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Adaptation to heat - Blood vessels close to the surface will open up which causes more blood flow and more heat loss. Associated with flushing.
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Vasoconstriction
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Adaptation to cold - less blood flow to the surface and less heat loss. You sacrifice your extremities for the sake of your other organs.
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Complete Displacement Model
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anatomically modern humans evolved in africa about 200k years ago, from there they migrated to Asia and Europe completely replacing the late archaic hominids living there. Don't believe they inter-bred - the fossil record supports this
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Regional Continuity Model
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The people moved out of Africa into Asia and Europe and where ever they ended up all at the same time they evolved into early archaic, then to late archaic, then into anatomically modern humans. Fossil record does not support this in Europe but it does in Australia
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What happened to the following features during hominid evolution:
Brow Ridges Occipital region Brain size Forehead |
Brow ridges - smoothed
Occipital region - bun Brain size - bigger Forehead - flatter and bigger |
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What is the feature that most distinguishes Early Homo from other hominid species living at the same time?
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Use of tools
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Most early hominids are classified into several different species of genus Australopithcus. Which species of Australopithicus is the most primitive one?
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anamensis
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What are the primitive characteristics (ape-like) characteristics) of Australopithecus afarensis?
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Slightly longer arms than legs
Wrist bones arranged like apes Fingers like modern fingers but with an ape-like slight curve |
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What is the evidence that A. afarensis was bipedal?
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Footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania
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Explain the relationship between skin color, production of folic acid, production of vitamin D, and reproductive fitness.
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Vitamin D deficiency can cause problems with giving birth, darker skin considered to be more attractive, folic acid is needed for the proper production of sperm & female who lack folic acid can have babies with birth defects.
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How many different species of australopithecines were discovered in East Africa?
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anamensis
afarensis garhi |
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How many different species of Paranthropus were discovered in East Africa?
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aethiopicus
boisei |
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'Lucy' was discovered at which site and what is the importance of this fossil?
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Hadar - she is 40% complete.
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East African australopithecines are from which time period?
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4.2-2.5 mybp
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Some researchers believe A afarensis spent most of the time on the ground, while others think they still exploited arboreal habitats to a considerable extent. Explain why.
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Mothers and babies may have used the trees as shelter from predators, they may have slept in the trees
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Genetic adaptations for cold
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Short & Stocky
Short arms and legs High long noses - arctic nose Evenly distributed layer of fat in the body - insulation HIgh blood flow to extremities especially in fingers Rounded skulls - less surface area, less heat loss |
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Genetic adaptations for heat
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Tall slender body
Long arms and legs Narrow oblong heads - gets rid of heat easily Localized fat deposits - mate selection Hot and dry - Long narrow noses to humidify Hot and humid - wide noses to cool |
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Diagnostic features of Homo erectus
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Brow ridge straight across the forehead - solid bone
Top of skull looks like a roof - sagital keel - thickening of the parietal bone Angular occipital bone with occipital taurus - thick bone, 5 sided with an angle and a taurus |
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Diagnostic features of Homo neanderthalensis
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Large hollow brow ridges arching above eye orbits
Bulging parietal bones - adaptation to cold Occipital bun Retro molar space - ramus of the mandible slopes backward Two triangular bony projections inside the nasal cavity - more mucous membrane Mental forman - two large, oval shaped holes in mandible - in no other hominid Different inner ear anatomy Thinner and longer pelvic bone |
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Which infectious disease id the number one killer in the world and why?
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Tuberculosis, it's airborne and highly infectious
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What is meant by Retro-virus
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Has RNA not DNA and can convert its RNA into your DNA
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What is meant by Slow virus
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Slow incubation periods or latency - time period between when you catch it and start seeing it 1-12 years
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What is acclimatization?
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Acclimatization - adjusting to chronic change in environment. Occurs in individuals and is a short-term response to environment e.g. shivering, vasoconstriction, sweating, vasodilation
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What are developmental responses to environment?
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Individual long term response to environment. Individual will evolve responses to environment. e.g. dark skin throughout your life because you're exposed to sun as a child.
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What time of adjustments are necessary in environments where hypoxia is the major cause of stress?
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Leave the environment
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Explain what folk taxonomies are.
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Classification of humans using ethnocentric ideas instead of scientific criteria.
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Why is bipedalism the major criteria being used in classification of hominids?
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It leads to Hunting and gathering, division of labor by sex caused homebases where males and females share the products of their labor which are all the defining aspects of human culture.
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What are the characteristic tools of Acheulian Tradition?
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Hand axes and cleavers
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Mousterian Tradition is associated with which hominids and what are the characteristic tools of this culture tradition?
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Middle Paleolithic, Neandertals, Points and scrapers
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Is there any proof that Homo erectus people were not just scavengers but they were also hunters?
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Yes, there are processed animal bones and tools found in close proximity. Processed elephant bones found with tools inside.
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Explain why anthropologists object to race concept.
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They feel it's a social concept not a biological one. People are mainly separated by culture not by any biological element.
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Melanin absorbs
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Ultraviolet radiation
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Rickets is caused by
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insufficient amounts of vitamin D
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What distinguishes Peking-man from Java-man?
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Larger brain capacity
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Fossil skull:
Sagital keel, long low brain case profile, occipital bun |
Homo neanderthalensis
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Berrgman's rule
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1980's - noticed that in cold climates, body sizes of mammals are larger than in hotter climates. Larger bodies lose heat more slowly
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Allen's rule
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Long extremities are better adapted to hot climates because you have more surface area so you'll get rid of more heat. Short legs and arms are better adapted to cold climates to reduce heat loss.
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Generally, skin color is determined by
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an unknown number of genes
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Neural Tube Defect is caused by
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Folate deficiency
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Carbohydrates wit high glycemic index
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are referred to as simple carbohydrates
create a surge in the blood sugar are broken down slowly in the digestive tract |
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BMI
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is an indicator of health risks associated with weight
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First Homo erectus found in
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Java
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Oldest Homo erectus fossils found in
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East Lake Turkana
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Homo erectus materials from
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East Lake Turkana
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Europe Homo erectus
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Controversial but transitional
Classified because of date found 6 individuals with 200 stone tools. Tools used on Hominid bones - first sign of cannibalism |
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Swartkrans
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South Africa
Homo erectus 1 mybp |
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Ternifine
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Algeria
700-500K ybp All teeth and jaws Typical Homo erectus 3rd molar is the smallest which is common among Homo erectus |
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Homo erectus culture
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Larger brain allowed them to make much better tools
Have specific shape - biphase tools |
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Acheulian tradition
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Hand axes and cleavers
6'h 3 1/2" w don't know how it was used but must have been all-purpose Cleavers were used for butchering carcassas Scavengers - know this because of processed bones they ate the bone marrow because there was not a lot of meat on the bone Hunting - Kenya 700-900k ypb Olorgesale - 60 remains of baboon carcasses, elephant kill with tool |
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Acheulian tradition - most important feature
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Effective use of fire for warmth which allowed them to move out of Africa to a colder climate. Also gave them light which allowed them to stay up and talk. Fire keeps predators away and also allows them to cook which kills bacteria, food is easier to digest and lasts longer.
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Early Arcade Hominid
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300-125K ybp
Middle Pleistocene All transitory forms between Homo erectus and Late Arcade Hominids. Specifically between Homo erectus and Neanderthal. Homo Heidelbergensis |
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Swanscomb
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Early Archaic Hominids
found 1 occipital bone and 2 parietal bones. Know they're from the same person because they lock together. Looks more modern Higher, rounder occipital Has a sagital keel |
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Steinheim
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Early Archaic Hominid
Hollow brow ridge (neanderthal) Has Homo erectus and Neanderthal diagnostic features |
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Petralona - KNOW THIS ONE
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Occipital angular with thick torus like Homo erectus.
Sloping forehead Frontal view: Thick completely hollow brow ridges Rounded shape Just like Homo erectus on occipital and just like Neanderthal in frontal region. |
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Bodo
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Early Archaic Hominid
Same transitionary features Scalped |
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Kabwe
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Early Archaic Hominid
Rhodesian man Complete transitionary form |
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Dali
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Early Archaic Hominid
Side view Angular with Torus Thick brow ridge Like Homo erectus Frontal view Brow ridge disappears in the middle Parietals start bulging |
