Physical Anthropology Test 2

Front 1

Dental Patterns
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 1

New World Monkeys
2133
Old World Monkeys
2123

Front 2

Noses
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 2

New World Monkeys
Flat
Old World Monkeys
Down Nose

Front 3

Flat Nose
Down Nose

Back 3

Flat
Nostrils point upward
Down
Like human Nostrils pointed
downward

Front 4

Tails
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 4

New World Monkeys
Some have prehensile
Old World Monkeys
They have tails but not
prehensile

Front 5

Movement
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 5

New World Monkeys
Some semi-brachiation
quadrupeds but some
Old World Monkeys
No Brachiation

Front 6

Sitting Pads
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 6

New World Monkeys
No sitting pads
Old World Monkeys
Sitting pads

Front 7

Sitting pad description/explanation

Back 7

Callous at buttocks
Spend time on rocks or hard soil
Indicates a lot of time spent on land

Front 8

Intelligence
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 8

New World Monkeys
Less Intelligent
Old World Monkeys
More Intelligent

Front 9

Social Organization
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys

Back 9

New World Monkeys
Less complex
Old World Monkeys
More Complex

Front 10

Old World Monkeys

Back 10

Cercopithecines
Colobines

Front 11

Where
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 11

Cercopithecines
Africa, macaques in Asia
Colobines
Asia mainly, Colobus Africa
Langurs Viet Nam,
Proboscis Borneo

Front 12

Size
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 12

Cercopithecines
Larger
Colobines
Smaller

Front 13

Terrestrial
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 13

Cercopithecines
More terrestrial
Colobines
Highly Arboreal

Front 14

Diet
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 14

Cercopithecines
Generalized - cheek pouches
to store food for later or
when in danger
Colobines
Specialized diet - no cheek
pouches, eat leafy materials
(not much danger)

Front 15

Intelligence
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 15

Cercopithecines
More Intelligent
Colobines
Less Intelligent

Front 16

Social Organization
Cercopithecines
Colobines

Back 16

Cercopithecines
More complex
Colobines
Less Complex

Front 17

Chimpanzees Social

Back 17

Live in large fluid groups called communities

Front 18

West African chimps - tool use

Back 18

use 19 different tools – they drum to communicate

Front 19

Chimpanzee - dominance

Back 19

All males dominant over females

Front 20

Chimpanzee - tool use

Back 20

Make and use tools - not all communities are technologically advanced

Front 21

Chimpanzee - hunting success

Back 21

East African chimps 7% successful in hunting
West African chimps 70% successful – they plan the hunt

Front 22

Chimpanzee - sharing

Back 22

Share – share among the hunters then close family and friends

Front 23

Chimpanzee - hunting

Back 23

Only males hunt
Different communities have different hunting patterns

Front 24

Chimpanzee - eating

Back 24

Omnivors – prefer fruits and vegetables

Front 25

Chimpanzee - community size

Back 25

20-120 individuals average 40-50

Front 26

Chimpanzee Grooming

Back 26

Yes

Front 27

Chimpanzee - Alloparenting

Back 27

Yes

Front 28

Chimpanzee - Ranking above females

Back 28

status increases in estrus and after birth

Front 29

Chimpanzee - Ranking among males

Back 29

Ranking not as stable as in baboons – Chimpanzee gaining rank by rattling cans
Form alliances – usually actual brothers

Front 30

Chimpanzee - Significance of Torture

Back 30

it is a cruel act
Have to be intelligent – must be able to put yourself in the place of the individual and how far you can go before you kill

Front 31

Chimpanzee - Territory

Back 31

Territorial in a unique way – defend the territory and actively expand the territory at the expense of weaker neighbors – only in chimps and humans – two most intelligent

Front 32

Male bonded community

Back 32

Young adult females join other communities or go back and forth

Front 33

primates engage in warfare
Armed conflict – prerequisites

Back 33

Cooperative group living – single individuals fight
Group territoriality
Cooperative hunting skills
Make plans
Ability to make cooperative plans
Ability to use tools – weapons are tools
Inherent fear of others – of your own kind

Front 34

Chimpanzee bonding

Back 34

Male bonded community – young adult females join other communities or go back and forth – can be kidnapped by males but will remain in the community in which she gives birth

Front 35

Chimpanzee - Home Range

Back 35

Large home range during the day – 4-6 miles of movement during he day

Front 36

Chimpanzee - Parties

Back 36

communities are loosely organized
Smaller groups called parties – composition changes frequencies
Fusion fission society – reasons helps to disperse the group so there’s no competition for food

Front 37

Chimanzee/Baboon - feeding behavior

Back 37

Baboons all feed together = chimps feed In parties

Front 38

Prosimian/Anthropoids - Size

Back 38

Prosimian - smaller
Anthropoids - larger

Front 39

Prosimian/Anthropoids - Vision

Back 39

Prosimian - no color
Anthropoids - color

Front 40

Prosimian/Anthropoids - Lifespan

Back 40

Prosimian - shorter
Anthropoids - longer

Front 41

Prosimian/Anthropoids - Smell

Back 41

Prosimian - good sense of smell, wet noses
Anthropoids - not as good a sense of smell, dry noses

Front 42

Why are tarsiers considered to be transitionary forms between prosimians and anthropoids

Back 42

They have characteristics of both

Front 43

Prosimian characteristics of the tarsier

Back 43

-Highly arboreal
-Completely nocturnal
-Large mobile ears
-Nails and claws
-2133 dental pattern
-Very small
-Large immovable eyes

Front 44

Anthropoid characteristics of the tarsier

Back 44

-No crystalline shield (compensate
with large eyes
-Dry noses
-Shorter muzzle - flatter face
-Almost complete eye sockets
-no dental comb

Front 45

Evolutionary Trends - Teeth
Reason

Back 45

Trend toward reduction in # of teeth
Can die from infected tooth
Men like to mate with women who have small faces

Front 46

Evolutionary Trends - Diet

Back 46

Trend toward lack of specialized diet
Omnivore - will eat anything to survive

Front 47

Evolutionary Trends - Senses (Smell)

Back 47

Trend toward reduction of muzzle area. Structural change related to reduction of olfactory area of the brain
Primates don't smell well

Front 48

Evolutionary Trends - Vision

Back 48

Trend toward front facing eyes. Primates eyes move to the front of the face. Stereoscopic and Binocular vision. Color vision

Front 49

Stereoscopic vision

Back 49

Whatever you see in one eye is registered in each side of the brain

Front 50

Binocular vision

Back 50

Overlapping vision - what you see in each eye overlaps
Associated with good depth perception

Front 51

Color vision

Back 51

Gives us fine visual discrimination - prosimians are active at night so they don't need this.

Front 52

Evolutionary Trends - Vision and Smell
General trend and why

Back 52

Sense of smell decreases and vision becomes more advanced.
Better able to survive
Need to judge distance and depth

Front 53

How are eyes protected in primates

Back 53

Post orbital septum
Complete eye socket

Front 54

Primate brain characteristics

Back 54

-Large in relationship to their body size
-Area that controls complex behavioral patterns are well developed

Front 55

Who adjusts to social changes better humans or primates?

Back 55

Primates

Front 56

Primate childhood compared to other mammals - why?

Back 56

Longer childhood and dependence on adults - more social behavior to learn
The more complex the social behavior the longer it takes to learn

Front 57

What are evolutionary trends?

Back 57

Steady change in a given adaptive direction, either in an evolutionary lineage or in a particular attribute, e.g. dentition.

Front 58

Name evolutionary trends

Back 58

Limbs and locomotion
Teeth and diet
Senses and Brain
Behavior

Front 59

Evolutionary Trends - Limbs

Back 59

Clavicle
2 lower arm bones
5 digits in hands and feet

Front 60

Clavical

Back 60

Moves arms away from the body

Front 61

2 lower arm bones

Back 61

Ulna & Radius
Articulated so you can twist and turn