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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name three definitions for philosophy
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"Love of Wisdom"
"Queen of sciences" "world view" |
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Name the three areas of metaphysics
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-Philosophy of mind
-Philosophy of religion -Philosophy of language |
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What is metaphysics?
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a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world, although the term is not easily defined.
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What is ethics?
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moral philosophy, a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality.
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Under Plato's theory of Forms, name 5 being forms.
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Non-physical
Internal Infinite Intangible Archetypal |
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In Plato's theory of forms, name 5 becoming particulars.
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physical
imperfect spatiotem finite tangible |
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What is the only thing that exists is matter; that all things composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions?
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Materialism
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What is the belief that every action has a cause and there is no free will because something caused you to make that choice?
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determinism
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What is the distinction between mind and body as separate substances, or very different kinds of states with radically different properties?
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Dualism
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What is the study of human knowledge, its nature, its sources, its justification?
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epistemology
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What encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, emotions, memories, and all things mental?
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epistemology
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What is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid?
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Epistemology
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What is the explanation of how we think and is needed in order to obtain and use knowledge of the world around us?
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epistemology
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according to Hume's fork, there are two categories of knowledge...
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Relations of ideas
Matters of fact |
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According to Hume, what looks at cause and effect ve. correlation?
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Analysis of causation
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What is designed to undermine ordinary claims of knowledge?
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humean skepticism
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Who believed the self is nothing more than sense impressions bundled together by memory?
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Hume
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Name 3 points for utilitarianism
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-consequentalism
-Greatest good for the greatest number of people -Happiness calculus |
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What is concequentalism?
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-The good is found in consequences
-The end justifies the means |
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What is the greatest good for the greatest number of people?
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-The greater balance of pleasure over pain
-Maximize overall pleasure, minimize overall pain |
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Name 7 parts of happiness calculus
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intensity
Duration certainty purity propinquity fecundity extent |
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What is Kant's moral theory?
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-Deontology
-Categorical imperative |
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What is deontology?
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-based on duties and rules
-emphasis on the intention not the consequences -develops a formal (structured) system for determining moral permissibility |
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What is categorical imperative?
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-"act only on the maxim (intention) which you could at the same time will become a universal law."
-If everyone is doing, it changes the meaning. |
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Name 4 points of Kant's epistemology
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-Revision of Hume's fork
-synthetic a priori knowledge -kant's faculties -Noumena and phrenomena |
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What is the revision of Hume's fork?
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Relation of Ideas
-Analytic -A Prior -Necessary Matters of Fact -Synthetic -A Posteriori -Contingent |
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What is an informative statement about reality, the truth of which is known independently of sense experience?
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Synthetic A Priori Knowledge
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What are Kant's faculties?
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-Intuition
-Understanding -Reasoning |
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What is Noumena?
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reality
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What is phenomena?
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appearance
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What is the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable?
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fatalism
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What is belief that an act is free as long as it has uncoerced and is the result of one's own desires, beliefs, character?
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capatibilism
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What is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest?
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Ethical egoism
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What is also known as reductive materialism?
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identity theory
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What is mental events, but they are identical to the same thing as certain physical events, that is, processes in the brain?
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Identity Theory
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What denies dualism by insisting that what mentalist terms such as "wants", "believes" and "loves" refer to is not only some further unspecifiable mental state; it also a neurological process?
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Identity theory
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In what theory is dualism eliminated because there are no longer two things to interact; there is just a single event, a mental neurological event?
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Identity Theory
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What says there will be no 1:1 correspondence of mental events and out "film psychology" descriptions of them?
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Eliminative materialism
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Who believes in the memory theory of self?
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Locke
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Who believes that self is reducible to memories?
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Locke
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What is the solution to the problem of evil?
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Theodicy
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What is known as the attempt to defend God from any formulation of the problem of evil?
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Theodicy
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What are the three theodicies?
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free-will, contrast, and soul making
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What is the free-will theodicy?
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Evil exists because we choose it
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What are objections to the free will theodicy?
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-Presupposes libertarian free will
-Doesn't cover natural evil |
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What is the contrast theodicy?
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Evil cannot exist without good, good cannot exist without evil
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What is the soul-making theodicy?
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Evil exists so that we may have the opportunity to make our souls.
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What is omniscience?
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all knowing
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What is omnipotent?
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all powerful
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What is omnibenevolent?
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all good
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What is the problem of evil?
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How can evil be explained if god is omnibenevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient?
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What is the argument from evil?
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P1: If God is omnipotent, he must be able to abolish evil.
P2: If God is omniscient, he must know about evil. P3: If God is omnibenevolent, then he must want to abolish evil. P4: Evil exists. .:. God must lack at least one of these three qualities. |
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What is moral nihilism?
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the meta-ethical view that nothing is moral or immoral
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What is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences do not express propositions and thus cannot be true or false (they are not truth-apt). A noncognitivist denies the cognitivist claim that "moral judgments are capable of being objectively true, because they describe some feature of the world.” If moral statements cannot be true, and if one cannot know something that is not true, noncognitivism implies that moral knowledge is impossible?
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Non-cognitivism
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What is the meta-ethical view which claims that: (1) ethical sentences express propositions. (2) some such propositions are true. (3) Those propositions are about the attitudes of people?
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Ethical Subjectivism
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Name 4 points of Decartes' Epistemology
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Hyperbolic doubt
Cartesian skepticism Cartesian Circle Descartes Rationalism |
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what is the refusal to accept either the authority of previous philosophers or information gleaned from one's own senses?
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hyperbolic doubt
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Who doubted senses, dreams, and evil genius?
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Descartes (hyperbolic doubt)
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What was known as doubting the external world?
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Cartesian Skepticism
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What was the idea of perfect being, Self, God, and The World?
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Catesian Circle
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What said that knowledge was acquired primarily or perhaps exclusively, through reason?
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Descartes Rationalism
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What is the philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience?
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Rationalism
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What is the philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics, comes from experience?
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Empiricism
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What Downplays or dismisses the ability of reason alone to yield knowledge of the world. Preferring to base any knowledge we have off our senses?
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Empiricism
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What is a philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments?
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skepticism
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What is aesthetics?
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the philosophy of art
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What are the seven universal signatures in human aesthetics?
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1. Expertise or virtuosity
2. Utilitarian pleasure 3. Style 4. Criticism 5. Imitation 6. Special focus 7. Imagination |
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What is humor?
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not reducible to a "laughter mechanism"
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Name 4 theories of humor
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superiority
Incongruity relief Misattribution |
