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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeptic
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From the Greek skeptesthai, "to consider or examine"; a person who demands clear, observable, undoubtable evidence before accepting any knowledge claim as true.
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Empiricism
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Belief that all knowledge is ultimately derived from the sences (experience) and that all ideas can be traced to sense data |
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Tabula rasa
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Expression for a "clean slate" used by john locke to challenge the possibility of innate ideas by characterizing the mind at birth as a blank tablet or clean slate |
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Primary qualities
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according to Locke, objective sensible qualities that exist independently of any perciver; shape, sixe, location, and motion are examples of primary qualities
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secondary qualities
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According to Locke, subjective qualities whose eistence depends on a perceiver; color, sound, taste, and texture are examples of secondary qualities
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Epistemological dualism
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the view that knowing consists of two distinct aspects; the knower and the known
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Egocentric predicament
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problem generated by epistemological dualism; if all knowledge comes in the form of my own ideas, how can i verify the existence of anything external to them?
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idealism (immaterialism)
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Belief that only ideas (mental states) exist: the material world is a fiction- it does not exist
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Emperical criterion of meaning |
meaningful ideas are those that can be traced back to sense experience (impressions); beliefs that cannot be reduced to sense experience are not ideas at all, but meaningless utterances
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Bundle theory of the self |
Humean theory that there is no fixed self - merely a bundle of perceptions - a self is merely a habitual way of discussing certain perceptions
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inductive reasoning |
reasoning pattern that proceeds from the particular to the general or from some to all - and results in generalized rules or principles established with degrees of probability
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Hume |
-Empiricist/ Skeptic - demands observable knowledge from sense experience -rejects metaphysics -used Lockes theory of ideas - split into ideas and impressions -all ideas can be traced to the impressions on which they are based -all meaningful ideas are from sense experience -imagination accounts for belief in external world - it overrides reason -the self is not real - only a bundle of perceptions -morals are sentiment |
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Locke
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all ideas are copies of things from the senses(Copy theory of truth) -an idea is true if what it refers to exists -generated egocentric predicament -primary qualities + secondary |
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Berkeley
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-rejected Locke's correspondance theory of truth - says there is no fixed thing to copy - only a bundle of perceptions - something is hot or cold to us -to be is to be perceived -tree falling |
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Tree falling in the woods
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-the material world only exists through the mind -it is not really real - to be is to be perceived
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The perceiver
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-the perceiver is important to knowing the external world
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Categorical Imperactive
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Kant- a command that is universally binding on all rational creatures - the ultimate foundation of all moral law - act as if the maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature
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Thought experiment
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John Rawls - a way of using reasoned imagination to provide the necessary conditions for the experiment that cannot be tested, and carefully reasoning out the most likely consequence according to our hypothesis |
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Original position
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Rawls - imaginary setting in which we can identify the fundimental principles of justice from an objective, impartial perspective, as rational agents, rather than as "interested parties"
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Veil of ignorance |
Rawls - mechanism for imaginatively entering into the original position by avoiding all personal considerations in the process of determining principles of justice - it is a problem solving device that prevents us from knowing our status (gender, inteligence, class, etc.)
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Kingdom of ends |
– all human beings are ends in themselves – not means to an end -should not use people to benefit yourself |
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John Rawls
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thought experiment -way of using our imagination to test a theory Original position – put yourself in a position of someone else Vail of ignorance- Personal considerations -trying to come from an objective place if you could choose any place and time, would you pick it if -you don’t know if you will be privileged or not |
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Immanual Kant
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– kingdom of ends -Categorical Imperactive -If you have reason, you can access moral law Reasoning creatures are moral out of duty and will |
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Psychological hedonism |
the belief that all decisions are based on considerations of pleasure and pain becasue it is psychologically impossible for human beings to do otherwise
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Ethical Hedonism
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the belief that although it is possible to deliberately avoid pleasure or choose pain, it is morally wrong to do so
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Hedonism
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means pleasure - general term for any philosophy that asserts that pleasure is good and pain is bad
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Principle of utility |
always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
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Altruism
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Latin for "other" - the cpacity to promote the welfare of others - opposed to egoism
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Utilitarianism ----------------------------- Social Hedonism |
Utilitarianism – modern application of hedonism – formed by Bentham – than refined by Mill, his student _________________________________ Social hedonism - utilitarianism developed in response to social conditions created by the industrial revolution – which created workers who were under payed |
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The relationship of utilitarianism to the industrial revolution
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was developed in response to the social needs of society from the industrial revolution - to help people that were being degraded
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Thomas Malthus
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-didnt want social reform - though poor should stay poor -worried about over population and not enough food -welfare would only encourage large families – -this and justified paying low -survival of the fitttest |
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Jeremy Bentham
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Principle of utility hedonic calculus problem with psychological egoism - conducted an experiment on John Stuart Mill with James Mill - making a prodigy -early animal rights activist |
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principle of utility
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always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people -made up of psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism - the pleasure principle - pain and pleasure tell us what to do |
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hedonic calculus
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scientific way to calculate the proper course of action for any circumstance -units of pleasure or pain intensity ------ Duration ---------Propinquity ------------Certainty-----------Fecundity ------------Purity -----------Extent (Bentham) |
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problem with psychological egoism
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Psychological egoism -we always are interested chiefly in our own welfare -not a problem - we should just align ourselves with the interest of the |
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Social v. metaphysical utilitarians
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egoistic hook
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take advantage of our natural egoistic nature ultimately-use reason to show that people's welfare ultimately depends on welfare of the community -use our selfishness and align with community |
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immorality of not seeking pleasure
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it is immoral because it goes against basic human nature -goes with Ethical Hedonism |
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John Stuart Mill life
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Education: Father: Intelligence: Breakdown: Wife: Harriot Taylor- gave him a purpose Art: |
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Mills refined utilitarianism
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refined Benthams principle of utility by distinguishing between both pleasure qualities and quantities (refined pleasures are better) |
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-overcoming phychologicl egoism
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-said people are not soley based on themselves, and have the capacity to promote the welfare of others. -Lacking Alturistic feelings are the result of ignorance of the higher pleasures |
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Higher/ lower pleasures
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Why alrruism is important for mill
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Happiness v. contentment
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Source of unhappiness
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importance of education
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-makes a good life
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Why Mill's a social scientist
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Dialectical process
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(Hegelian - applied to Marx) According to Hegal, a three step pattern in which an original idea, known as a thesis, struggles with a contrary idea, known as an anti-Thesis - to produce a new synthesis that combines elements of both (internally governed evolutionary cycle in whoch progress occurs as the result of a stuggle between two opposing conditions) reality is material and material controls reality |
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Proletariat
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All those whose labor produces goods and provides essential services, yet who do not own the means of production (the lower class) |
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Bourgeoisie
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All those who do not produce anything, yet who own and control the means of production (the top 1%) |
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Mystification
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use if ckoudy abstractions to create elaborate metaphysical systems that distract us from concrete material reality
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Materialism (Marx)
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Form of social determinism based on a reciprocal relationship between individuals and their environment; distinguished from strict materialism and hard determinism
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Capitalism
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Economic system is which the means of production and distribution are all (or mostly) privately owned and operated for profit under fully competitive conditions; tends to be accompanied by concentration of wealth and growth of great corporations
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Communism
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advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
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Substructure of society
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the material substructure or base of society determines the nature of all social relationships, as well as religion, art, philosophies, literature, science, and government Economics (Substructure) drives art, religion, etc (the superstructure) |
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Superstructure of society
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the superstructure of a culture consists of the ideas and insitutions (religous beliefs, educational systems, philosophies, the arts, etc.) compatable with and produced by the material substructure of society
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means of production
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include natural resources such as water, coal, lond, etc.
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forces of production
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are factories, equipment, technology, knowledge, and skill- a part of the substructure
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relationships of production
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cinsists of who does what, who owns what, and how this affects members of both goups - part of substructure
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Surplus value
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term used to refer to the capital accumulated by owners; the result of keeping prices higher than the costs of production at the expence of the workers
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Co-opt
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In Marx's social analysis, co-option occus when workers identify with the economic system that oppresses them by confusing the remote possibility of accumulating wealth with their actual living and working conditions -being co-opted also refers to anyone who is somehow convinced to further interests that are to his or her ultimate disadvange |
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Alienation/ alienated life
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condition of workers separated from the products of their labor: primarily an objective state, but can also reger to not eeling "at one: with the product of labor (Fastion designer with no creative freedom) -------------------------- unconscious, unspontaneous, and unfulfilled life; deprived of fundamental condistions necessary for self-actualization |
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Species life
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fully human life lived productivly and consciously - not alienated
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Marx to the industrial revolution
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-was important to the industrial revolution becasue of the economic changes |
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Marx Life
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father=lawyer -studied law also German – relied on dads money – Jewish -was a revolutionary – fighting the way things are done -studied philosophy -couldn’t get a job – governments threw him out -wound up in London – a capitalist place – too radical for the government |
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Dialectical process (Hegel)
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History is the ongoing result of a constant tention between two classes - an upper class or rulers and owners, and a ruled and exploited underclass Theisis Anti thesis synthesis |
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Comte de Saint Simon
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– interested in the emergence of a new middle class called the bourgeoisie -economic conditions determine history - history is the result of class conflict |
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Friedrich Engles
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Collaborated with Marx -added fire o Marx's ideas - used facts to back up Marx -made it eaisier to follow |
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Thr five epochs of history
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History's evolutionary stages - 1 Primitive/ communal 2 slave 3 feudal 4 capitalist 5 socialist/ communist -as it goes, economic structure matures |
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Marx's ideas
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Diallectical process Proletariat and bourgeoisie tention alienation surplus value co-opt |
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Aspect of life that is the most fundamental to human life (Marx)
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Economic
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Critique of Capitalism - why he favored Communism
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capitalism is on the way to a classless socialisiic economy -it only favors the top 1% - does not help the society -creates alienation |
