Pharm 2 Test 2 Part 1

Front 1

any substance capable of triggering immune response is called

Back 1

antigen

Front 2

shapes protruding from surface of antigen are called

Back 2

epitopes

Front 3

two pronged response to injury (2 phases)

Back 3

vascular, cellular

Front 4

vascular phase

Back 4

increased blood flow and cap perm in area

Front 5

cellular phase

Back 5

WBC clean and deactivate

Front 6

RBC aka

Back 6

erythrocyte

Front 7

platelet aka

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thrombocyte

Front 8

WBC aka

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leukocyte

Front 9

what stem cells make WBC and come from where

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hemocytoblasts from bone marrow

Front 10

the 4 different WBCs

Back 10

monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte, granulocyte

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3 different granulocytes

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neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 12

leukocyte normal value

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4,000-10,000

Front 13

below 4,000 means

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probably cannot fight infection

Front 14

above 10,000 means

Back 14

probably have bacterial infection

Front 15

granulocytes life span

Back 15

short

Front 16

granulocytes key defenders in

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acute infection and inflammation

Front 17

what are the first cells to arrive

Back 17

neutrophils

Front 18

neutrophils are considered what line of defense

Back 18

first

Front 19

if high neutrophils, this means

Back 19

really early infection

Front 20

neutrophils increased during (4)

Back 20

gout, RA, stress, cancer

Front 21

neutrophils decreased during (2)

Back 21

overwhelming infections, viral infections

Front 22

shift to the left is never

Back 22

a good thing

Front 23

shift to the left means

Back 23

bands are more elevated than segs

Front 24

mature neutrophils are called

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segmented neutrophils = segs

Front 25

immature neutrophils are called

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banded neutrophils = bands

Front 26

shift to the left indicates

Back 26

ongoing acute bacterial infection

Front 27

eosinophils elevate with what 2 things

Back 27

allergic reaction, parasites

Front 28

eosinophils decreased with what (1)

Back 28

steroids

Front 29

mono/macro life span

Back 29

3-4 times longer than granulocytes

Front 30

mono/macro elevate same time as

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neutrophils - just not as significantly

Front 31

mono/macro increase as what ages

Back 31

exudates

Front 32

mono is circulating in blood then

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develops into macrophage

Front 33

macrophage means what

Back 33

big eater

Front 34

mono/macro considered what line of defense

Back 34

second

Front 35

what do you know if mono/macro elevated

Back 35

longer term infection

Front 36

define agranulocyte

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less than 500 total WBC, absolute lack of or drop in WBC

Front 37

agranulocyte common in

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cancer, certain drugs

Front 38

define neutropenia

Back 38

less than 2,000 neutrophils

Front 39

why is neutropenia a problem

Back 39

cannot defend against acute infection

Front 40

3 types of lymphocytes

Back 40

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

Front 41

what cells have memory, why is this important

Back 41

B & T cells, they recognize past infections and can respond much faster

Front 42

need what to make antibodies

Back 42

B cells

Front 43

every mature T cell carries what

Back 43

a marker - making them recognizable

Front 44

3 immune responses

Back 44

humoral, cell mediated, interaction of both

Front 45

humoral response deals with

Back 45

B cells, and antibodies

Front 46

humoral aka

Back 46

immunoglobulin-mediated immunity

Front 47

immunoglobulin class example

Back 47

a little protection while waiting to figure out results of person got needle stuck from

Front 48

each B cell makes how many antibodies

Back 48

one specific antibody

Front 49

antibodies belong to what

Back 49

large molecules known as immnunoglobulins

Front 50

immunoglobulin for allergic reactions

Back 50

IgE

Front 51

IgE stimulates what (2)

Back 51

histamine, heparin

Front 52

cell-mediated response

Back 52

antigens that do not evoke the antibodies

Front 53

cell-mediated response involves what cell

Back 53

T cell

Front 54

cell-mediated response does what to target cells

Back 54

destroys

Front 55

cell-mediated response example

Back 55

reject transplant organ

Front 56

2 types of T cells

Back 56

regulatory, cytotoxic

Front 57

2 types of regulatory T cells

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helper, suppressor

Front 58

B cells need what to make antibody

Back 58

T cell's help

Front 59

helper T cells do what

Back 59

activate B T NK cells

Front 60

suppressor cells do what

Back 60

turn off the function of other cells

Front 61

cytotoxic cells do what

Back 61

directly attack infected or malignant cells

Front 62

NK cells contain what

Back 62

granules with potent chemicals

Front 63

T cells work primarily by

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secreting lymphokines

Front 64

lymphocyte primary function

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fight chronic bacterial and acute viral infections

Front 65

primary response

Back 65

occurs when antigen is produced

Front 66

secondary response

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memory response

Front 67

define allergy

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harmless substance perceived as threat and attacked

Front 68

allergic reactions related to what antibody

Back 68

IgE

Front 69

how IgE reacts

Back 69

IgE on mast cells > encounters specific antigen > mast cells release chemicals in granules

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chemicals in granules include ()

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histamine, heparin, substances activating platelets, substances attracting eosinophils/neutrophils

Front 71

allergy inc sensory nerves results in

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itching, pain

Front 72

allergy vasodilation results in

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warmth, flushed, dec BP

Front 73

allergy bronchoconstriction results in

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sneezing, wheezing

Front 74

allergy in cap perm results in

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edema

Front 75

worry about what for anaphylactic shock

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airway

Front 76

allergic people thought to produce

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higher concentrations of IgE

Front 77

look for what for allergy tests

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wheal and flare

Front 78

why avoid antihistamines prior to allergy test

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it can prevent reaction that would normally occur naturally in person

Front 79

what is danger of allergy testing

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anaphylactic shock

Front 80

what drug should be available when doing allergy tests

Back 80

epinephrine

Front 81

what is in allergy shot

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little bit of diluted substance you are allergic to

Front 82

how do allergy shots help

Back 82

develop tolerance, trick immune system

Front 83

2 reasons moms are nervous about allergy shots for little kids

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lots of shots, scared will cause bad reaction

Front 84

inflammation is what kind of response (2)

Back 84

vascular, defensive

Front 85

inflammation typically begins after

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microorganism infiltration

Front 86

tissue must be what for inflammatory response

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must be alive and have functioning circulation

Front 87

difference between inflammation and immune response

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inflammation - injury

immune - circulation

Front 88

inflammation tests often ordered for what Dx

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RA

Front 89

what substance causes inflammatory response

Back 89

histamine

Front 90

many mast cells cause what and how

Back 90

inflammation by degranulation and activating histamine

Front 91

histamine increases what

Back 91

blood flow of microcirculation

Front 92

serotonin increases what

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blood flow

Front 93

bradykinin increases what

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permeability

Front 94

prostaglandins do what

Back 94

increase vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis

Front 95

Gross features of acute inflammation

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redness, warmth, pain, swelling, altered function

Front 96

non gross feature of acute inflammation

Back 96

fever

Front 97

redness and warmth from what

Back 97

substances causing vasodilation

Front 98

what substances cause vasodilation

Back 98

prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin

Front 99

pain from what substances

Back 99

bradykinin and prostaglandin

Front 100

swelling from

Back 100

more blood flow and permeability

Front 101

suppuration

Back 101

splinter reaction with blood in center, good

Front 102

abscess formation

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splinter reaction with pus in center, bad

Front 103

causation of fever

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triggered by proteins or fever producing substances released from inflamed site into blood stream

Front 104

fever causing proteins

Back 104

pyrogens

Front 105

granulation tissue aka

Back 105

scar tissue

Front 106

granulation tissue from

Back 106

more collagen

Front 107

granulation tissue occurs from

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too much tissue being destroyed from inflammation

Front 108

inflammation tx

Back 108

ASA, NSAIDS, glucocorticoids

Front 109

what does not have antiinflammatory properties

Back 109

tylenol

Front 110

type 1 hypersensitivity commonly called

Back 110

allergic reaction

Front 111

type 1 reactions are always when

Back 111

immediate

Front 112

type 1 reactions (4)

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systemic, anaphylactic, local, atopic

Front 113

type 1 reaction responsible cell is

Back 113

IgE

Front 114

type reaction caused by

Back 114

foreign protein (antigen)

Front 115

describe type 1 initial reaction

Back 115

IgE and Ag attach to mast cell releasing sensitized granules

Front 116

describe type 1 subsequent exposure

Back 116

granules in mast cells release histamine causing inflammation

Front 117

type 1 is what type of onset

Back 117

sudden

Front 118

ie of triggers of type 1 reactions (12)

Back 118

inherited allergies, lactose/dairy, animals, dust/pollen, bee stings, molds/fungi, wheat, eggs, peanuts, chocolate, shellfish, penicillin/cephalosporins

Front 119

which type 1 trigger most common for anaphylactic shock

Back 119

penicillin and cephalosporins

Front 120

type 1 reaction clinical manifestations (7)

Back 120

water red eyes, runny nose, sneezing, itching, wheezing, stomach cramps, abd pain

Front 121

type 1 tx

Back 121

OTC meds, remove trigger, benadryl, epinephrine

Front 122

long name for benadryl

Back 122

diphenalhydramine

Front 123

type 2 reaction occurs when

Back 123

immediate

Front 124

type 2 responsible cells

Back 124

IgG and IgM

Front 125

type 2 usually involves

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antigen on red or white blood cell or drug adhering to self

Front 126

type 2 reaction described

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AB reacts with Ag and complement Antibodies and leads to cell destruction

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range for type 2 reaction

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mild to life threatening

Front 128

type 2 needs to distinguish what

Back 128

self

Front 129

type 2 examples

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blood transfusion or mismatch (Rh+/-), autoimmune disease

Front 130

Rh +/- mom and babe

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erythroblastosis fetalis - kills newborn

Front 131

type 2 clinical manifestations

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fever, chills, instant headache, apprehension, chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, HTN

Front 132

type 2 sever clinical manifestations

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acute renal failure, circulatory collapse

Front 133

type 2 tx

Back 133

stop drug or blood immediately

Front 134

type 3 has what type response

Back 134

immediate

Front 135

cells responsible for type 3

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IgG and IgM

Front 136

type 3 from

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body failing to rid self of Ab/Ag complex

Front 137

type 3 response

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complement released attracting neutrophils and macrophages activating immune response

Front 138

type 3 ie (5)

Back 138

systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, serum sickniss, virus/bacteria, recurring infection

Front 139

glomerulonephritis

Back 139

CRF

Front 140

serum sickness

Back 140

take drug for week then have reaction

Front 141

type 3 clinical manifestations

Back 141

often vague, depends on organs involved

Front 142

type 3 tx

Back 142

antiinflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants (if severe)

Front 143

type 4 has what type response

Back 143

delayed - only one delayed

Front 144

type 4 responsible cell

Back 144

T cell

Front 145

type 4 ie

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TB, poison oak/ivy, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Front 146

type 4 often in

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a sensitized individual is exposed

Front 147

type 4 tx

Back 147

antihistamines, corticosteroids