Personality Theory Exam 4

Front 1

study based on the premise that to understand a person you muct understand his or her uniue view of reality. - emphasizes that the object of the psychologist's scrutiny is a fellow human who can scrinize right back.

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humanistic psychology

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focus of humanistic psychology - immediate, conscious experience is all that matters - compromises everything a person hears, feels, and thinks, and which is at the center of his or her humanity and may even be the basis of free will.

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phenomenology

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your particular experience of the world. because these are interpretations rather than direct reflections of reality, they can be freely chosen. thus, they will be different from anyone elses

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construal

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Founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879. Sought to study experience by close observation (introspection)

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Wundt

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believed by Wundt to be the only way to study experience. consisted of the observation of one's own inner experience.

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introspection

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thought that by the late 19th century, rationality had gone to far in its attempt to account for everything. This sought to regain contact with the experience of being alive and aware.

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existentialism

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existential psychologist who thought if you look deeply into your own mind, you will find that the conscious experience of being alive has three components. Umwelt, mitwelt, and eigenwelt.

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ludwig binswanger

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biological experience, which consists of the sensations you feel by virtue of being a biological organism.

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umwelt

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social experience, which consists of what you think and feel as a social being. your emotions and thoughts about other people and the emotions and thoughts directed at you.

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mitwelt

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psychological experience, the experience of experience itself. Consists of how you feel and think when you try to understand yourself, your own mind, and your own existence.

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eigenwelt

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psychologist who conceptualized thrown-ness

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Heidegger

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refers to the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born. distinctly difficult for modern person as the world seems to have no overarching meaning or purpose.

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thrown-ness

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Falure to answer the questions -why am I here? - what should I be doing?

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Angst (existential anxiety)

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Thought that Angst can be analyzed into three separate sensations: anguish, forlornness, and despair.

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Satre

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Category of angst characterized by the fact that no matter what choices a person makes, are never perfect. ie, deciding to aid one person may leave another to suffer.

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anguish

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Category of angst characterized by the fact that no god, no unquestionable set of rules or values - can guide your choices or let you off the hook for what you have decided. Choices are yours alone

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forlorn

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Category of angst characterized by the fact that many outcomes are beyond personal control, including some of the most important elements of life.

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despair

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Sartre's response to Angst characterized by facing one's own mortality and tehe apparent meaningless of life and to seek purpose for existence.

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optimistic toughness

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existential escape - head in the sand approach to living life, living an unexamined life

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bad faith

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the preferred alternative to bad faith. face the facts that you are mortal, life is short, and you are master of your own destiny

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authentic existence

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Begun by Rogers and Maslow, assumes phenomenology is central and that people have free will; PLUS people are basically good and have an innate need to improve themselves and the world.

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Optimistic Humanism

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Humanist who proposed that the organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experienceing organism itself.

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Carl Rogers

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Rogers added aspect of phenomenology, where he posited that poeple have a need to: maintain and enhance life.

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actualization

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Humanist who proposed that a person's ultimate need or motive is to self-actualize, but that this motive only becomes active if a person's more basic needs are met first. "heirarchy of needs"

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Abraham Maslow

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Roger's belief of the best way to live, when you can perceive the world accurately without neurotic distortion and take responsibility for your choices.

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fully functioning person

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theorist who believed that moment-to-moment experience is what really matters in life; his concern was how to make the most of it - understanding and achieving OPTIMAL EXPERIENCE

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Csikszentmihalyi

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Csikszentmihalyi concluded that the best way a person can spend their time is doing these types of activities characterized by flow.

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autotelic

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according to Csikszentmihalyi, this is a focused and ordered state of consciousness that arises when your activity entails a balanced ratio of SKILLS to CHALLENGES. disrupted by TV.

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flow

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theorist who proposed that without stress, life would be boring and meaningless. people seek to avoid stress by developing a conformist lifestyle driven by the expectations of other people and of society.

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Maddi

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according to Maddi, this is the most severe kind of existential pathology, where the person feels that nothing has meaning and becomes listless and aimless.

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vegetativeness

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ccording to Maddi, this is the less severe kind of existential pathology in which experience is dominated by anger, disgust, and cynicism.

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nihilism

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Maddi's approach that embraces rather than avoids potential sources of stress. learning to deal with stressful situations succesfully is important to giving life meaning.

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hardiness

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newer humanistic approach focused on "positive subjective experience" and "improving quality of life and prevent he pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless."

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Positive psychology

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the psychological attributes of groups, which include "customs, habits, beliefs, and values that shape emotions, behavior, and life pattern.

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culture

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when a child picks up the culture wherever he or she is born

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enculturation

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when a person who moves from one country to another gradually picks up the culture of his or her new home

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acculturation

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basic worry of research findings as to the degree to which the results of modern empirical research applies to humanity at large

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limits on generalizability

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a reason psychologists are concerned with cross-cultural differences is that different cultural attitudes, values, and behavioral style freq cause misunderstandings.

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cross-cultural conflict

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no two people have the same experiences, so it is always a distortion to see them in common terms or even to categorize them as varying along common dimensions...everything must be understood in its own terms.

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idiographic assessment

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the universal components of an idea

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etics

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the particular aspects of an idea

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emics

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proposed that cultures vary along three basic dimensions

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complexity, tightness vs. looseness, and collectivism versus individualism

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the key idea of Buddhism, meaning "non self" - what feels like your self is merely a temporary composite of many things

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anatta

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the Buddhist idea that nothing lasts forever and it is best to accept this fact instead of fighting it.

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anicca