Pathoma

Front 1

Product of cycloocygenase pathway

Back 1

Prostaglandins

Front 2

Prostaglandin causing fever

Back 2

PGE2 (fEEEEver)

Front 3

Product of 5-lipooxygenase pathway

Back 3

Leukotrienes

Front 4

Leukotreine attracting neutrophils

Back 4

LTB4

Front 5

Leukotreine mediating vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and inc permeability (3)

Back 5

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Front 6

What cells causes inc vasc permeability

Back 6

Pericytes contract causing inc permeability

Front 7

3 ways mast cells are activated

Back 7

Tissue trauma,

complement C3a, C5a,

crosslinking of cell surface IgE by antigen

Front 8

Action of histamine

Back 8

Vasodilation and inc vasc permeability

Front 9

Second phase of mast cell response

Back 9

Production of leukotrienes

Front 10

How to activate hageman factor

Back 10

Subendothelial or tissue collagen

Front 11

Mediates pain (2)

Back 11

PGE2 and Bradykinin

Front 12

Mediates fever (2)

Back 12

IL1, TNF

Front 13

Action of IL1 and TNF

Back 13

activates perivascular cells in hypothalamus -> increase COX activity -> increase PGE2 -> raises temp

Front 14

Steps of neutrophil activation

Back 14

Margination -> Rolling -> Adhesion -> Transmigration and Chemotaxis

Front 15

P selectin came from

Back 15

Weibel-Palade bodies

Front 16

"Speed bumps"

Back 16

Selectins

Front 17

Proteins in Weibel Palade bodies (2)

Back 17

VWF and P selectins

Front 18

E selectins is induced by (2)

Back 18

TNF , IL1

Front 19

Selectins bind to ___ on leukocytes

Back 19

Sialyl lewis X

Front 20

Cellular adhesion molecules are upregulated by (2)

Back 20

TNF, IL1

Front 21

Cellular adhesion molecules will bind to

Back 21

Integrins

Front 22

Integrins are upregulated by (2)

Back 22

C5a, LTB4

Front 23

AR defect of integrins (CD18 subunit)

Back 23

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Front 24

Clinical findings of leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Back 24

Delayed separation of umbilical cord

Inc circulating neutrophil

Recurrent bacte infections, lack pus formation

Front 25

4 chemotaxis attractants

Back 25

IL8, C5a, LTB4, bacterial products

Front 26

AR protein trafficking defect, microtobule defect, impaired phagolysosome formation

Back 26

Chediak higashi syndrome

Front 27

Increased pyogenic infxn, neutropenia, giant granules in leukocutes, defective hemostasis, albinism, peripheral neuropathy

Back 27

Chediak higashi syndrome

Front 28

Most effective mechanis of killing microbes

Back 28

Oxygen dependent killing

Front 29

Enzyme converting O2 to superoxide

Back 29

NADPH oxidase

Front 30

Enzyme converting superoxide to H2O2

Back 30

Superoxide dismutase

Front 31

Enzyme converting H2O2 to HOCl

Back 31

Myeloperoxidase

Front 32

NADPH Oxidase defect, Xlinked or AR, poor O2 dependent killing

Back 32

Chronic granulomatous disease

Front 33

Organisms prone to cause infection in CGD

Name the 5 organisms

Back 33

Catalase positive organisms (catalase destroys H2O2 needed for O2 dependent killing)

S aureus, B cepacia, S marcescens, Nocardia, Aspergillus

Front 34

Used to screen CGD

Back 34

Nitroblue tetrazolium test

(+) colorless - CGD

tests O2 -> O2-

Front 35

Defective conversion of H202 to HOCl

Back 35

MPO deficiency

Front 36

Infection prone in MPO deficiency

Back 36

Candida infection

Front 37

Mediators of resolution and healing by macrophage (2)

Back 37

IL10, TGF-B

Front 38

B7 on antigen presenting cell binds to __ on CD4 cells

Back 38

CD28 (28 ÷ 7 = 4)

Front 39

TH subset helping CD8 T cells

Back 39

TH1 subset

Front 40

TH1 generate (2) mediators

Back 40

IL2 (Tcell growth factor, CD8 T cell activator)

IFN Y (macrophage activator)

Front 41

TH subset helping B cells

Back 41

TH2

Front 42

TH2 generate (3) mediators

Back 42

IL4 (class switching to IgG and IgE)

IL5 (eosinophil chemotaxis and activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells, class switching to IgA)

IL10 (inhibits TH1 phenotype)

Front 43

Secreted by TH1 subset, a T cell growth factor, CD8 T cell activator

Back 43

IL2

Front 44

Secreted by TH1 subset, macrophage activator

Back 44

IFN Y

Front 45

Secreted by TH2 subset, causes class switching to IgG and IgE

Back 45

IL4

Front 46

Secreted by TH2 subset, causes eosinophil chemotaxis and activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells, class switching to IgA

Back 46

IL5

Front 47

Secreted by TH2 subset, inhibits TH1 phenotype

Back 47

IL10

Front 48

Mediator of apoptosis

Back 48

Activate caspase

Front 49

2 mechanisms of cytotoxic killing

Back 49

Secretion of perforins and granzymes -> apoptosis

Expression of FasL, binds to Fas on target cell -> apoptosis

Front 50

3 ways to activate the caspases

Back 50

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (cytochrome C)

Extrinsic receptor pathway (FasL and TNF binding)

Granzymes

Front 51

2 signals for B cell activation

Back 51

MHC II- CD4

CD40 - CD40 Ligand

Front 52

IL4 and IL5 from TH cells acts on B cells by

Back 52

Mediating Bcell isotype switching, hypermutation, maturation to plasma cells

Front 53

Key cell that defines a granuloma

Back 53

Epitheloid histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm)

Front 54

Granuloma type which lack central necrosis

Back 54

Non caseating

Front 55

(5) Examples of non caseating granuloma

Back 55

Reaction to foriegn material

Sarcoidosis

Beryllium exposure

Chron disease

Cat scratch disease

Front 56

Key differentials for caseating granulomas

Back 56

TB and fungal infections

Front 57

Converts macrophages to epitheloid histiocytes and giant cells

Back 57

IFN Y

Front 58

Step of granuloma formation

Back 58

Macrophage MHC II-CD4 Tcells -> Macrophage secrete IL12-> IL12 induce CD4 differentiation to TH1 -> TH1 secrete IFN Y -> converts macrophages to epitheloid histiocytes and giant cells

Front 59

Developmental failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch -> lack of thymus (T cell def), lack of parathyroids (hypocalcemia), abnormalities of heart, great vessels

Back 59

DiGeorge syndrome

Front 60

Disease due to 22q11 microdeletion

Back 60

DiGeorge syndrome

Front 61

Adenosine deaminase deficiency, cytokine recpetor defects, MHC II defienciency

Back 61

SCID severe combined immunodeficiency

Front 62

Lack of immunoglobulin, disordered B cell maturation, naive B cells cannot mature to plasma cells

Back 62

X linked agammaglobulinemia

Front 63

Mutation in bruton tyrosine kinase

Back 63

X linked agammaglobulinemia

Signalling molecule for B cells to become plasma cells

Front 64

Infections prone in x linked agammaglobulinemia

Back 64

Bacterial infections, enterovirus, Giardia infections

Front 65

Low Ig due to B cell or T helper cell defects, increased risk for autoimmune dse and lymphoma

Back 65

Common variable immunodeficiency

Front 66

Most common Ig deficiency

Back 66

IgA deficiency

Front 67

High propensity for IgA deficiency

Back 67

Celiac disease

Front 68

Mutation in CD40 or CD40 ligand, cytokines necessary for Ig class switching is not produced, Low IgA, IgG, IgE results in recurrent pyogenic infections

Back 68

Hyper IgM syndrome

Front 69

Thrombocytopenia, Eczema, Recurrent infections, x linked

Back 69

Wiskott Aldrich syndrome

Front 70

C5-C9 deficiency

Back 70

Risk for Neisseria infections

Front 71

C1 inhibitor deficiency

Back 71

Hereditary angioedema

Front 72

Most common renal damage in SLE

Back 72

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

Front 73

Vegetations in both sides if the valve in SLE

Back 73

Leibman-Sacks endicarditis

Front 74

Anti-histone antibody

Back 74

Drug induced SLE

Front 75

3 drug inducing SLE

Back 75

Hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid

Front 76

Antibody against proteins bound to phospholipids

Back 76

APAS

Front 77

2 Antibodies in APAS

Back 77

Anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant

Front 78

False positive labs caused by Lupus anticoagulant

Back 78

False positive syphilis and false increase PTT

Front 79

Anti ribonucleoprotein antibodies

Back 79

Sjogren syndrome

Front 80

Autoimmune disorder most commonly associated with Sjogren syndrome

Back 80

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 81

Complication of Sjogren syndrome, unilateral enlargement of parotid

Back 81

Increased risk for B cell lymphoma

Front 82

Autoimmune tissue damage with activation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen

Back 82

Scleroderma

Front 83

Anti DNA topoisomerase 1 antibody

Back 83

Diffuse type scleroderma

Front 84

Most common organ associated with diffuse type scleroderma

Back 84

Esophagus, disordered motility, dysphagia for solids and liquids

Front 85

Localized type scleroderma

Back 85

CREST

Calcinosis / anti Centromere antibodies

Raynaud phenomenon

Esophageal dysmotility

Sclerodactyly

Telangiectasia of skin

Front 86

U1 ribonucleoprotein antibodies

Back 86

Mixed connective tissue disease

Front 87

SLE, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis

Back 87

Mixed connective tissue disease

Front 88

Marker for hematopoietic cells

Back 88

CD34

Front 89

Type 3 collagen

Back 89

Blood vessels, granulation tissue, embryonic tissue

Front 90

Converts Type 3 to Type 1 collagen in granulation tissue

Back 90

Collagenase

Front 91

What is the cofactor needed for collagenase converts Type 3 to Type 1 collagen in granulation tissue

Back 91

Zinc

Front 92

Repair growth factors which is an epithelial and fibroblast growth factor

Back 92

TGF A

Front 93

Repair growth factors which is an important fibroblast growth factor, and inhibits inflammation

Back 93

TGF B

Front 94

Repair growth factors which is an endothelium, smooth muscle and fibroblast growth factor

Back 94

Platelet derived GF

Front 95

Repair growth factors which is for angiogenesis and skeletal development

Back 95

Fibroblast GF

Front 96

Repair growth factors which is for angiogenesis

Back 96

Vascular endothelial GF

Front 97

Cofactor of lysyl oxidase

Back 97

Copper

Front 98

Collagen type of hypertrophic scar

Back 98

Type 1

Front 99

Collagen type excess in keloid

Back 99

Type 3

Front 100

Aflatoxin

Back 100

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 101

Alkylating agents

Back 101

Leukemia / lymphoma

Front 102

Alcohol

Back 102

Squamous cell CA, pancreatic CA, hepatocellular CA

Front 103

Alcohol

Back 103

Chronic pancreatitis -> pancreatic CA

Front 104

Arsenic

Back 104

Squamous cell CA of skin, lung CA

Front 105

Asbestosis

Back 105

Lung CA, mesothelioma

Front 106

Nitrosamines

Back 106

Stomach CA (smoked foods)

Front 107

Naphthylamine

Back 107

Urothelial CA of bladder

Front 108

Vinyl chloride

Back 108

Angiosarcoma of liver

Front 109

EBV

Back 109

Nasopharyngeal CA

Front 110

EBV

Back 110

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 111

Ionizing radiation

Back 111

AML, CML, Papillary CA of thyroid

Front 112

Non ionizing radiation

Back 112

Basal cell CA, Squamous cell CA, Melanoma

Front 113

PDGF B over expression

Back 113

Astrocytoma

Front 114

Epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2/neu) amplification

Back 114

Breast CA

Front 115

Point mutation RET (neural growth factor receptor)

Back 115

MEN 2A, 2B, sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

Front 116

Pount mutation KIT (Stem cell growth factor receptor)

Back 116

GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Front 117

Point mutation RAS gene (GTP binding protein)

Back 117

Carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma

Front 118

Overactivation of ABL (tyrosine kinase) with BCR, t(9:22)

Back 118

CML

Front 119

c-MYC, t(8:14)

Back 119

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 120

N-MYC amplification

Back 120

Neuroblastoma

Front 121

L-MYC amplification

Back 121

Lung CA (small cell)

Front 122

"Starry sky appearance"

Back 122

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 123

Cyclin D, t(11:14)

Back 123

Mantle cell lymphoma

Front 124

IH stain Keratin (+)

Back 124

Epithelium

Front 125

IH stain Vimentin (+)

Back 125

Mesenchyme

Front 126

IH stain Desmin (+)

Back 126

Muscle

Front 127

IH stain GFAP (+)

Back 127

Neuroglia

Front 128

IH stain Neurofilament (+)

Back 128

Neurons

Front 129

IH stain Chromogranin (+)

Back 129

Neuroendocrine cells (small cell, carcinoid)

Front 130

IH stain S-100 (+)

Back 130

Melanoma

Front 131

Germline mutation of p53

Back 131

Li- Fraumeni syndrome

Front 132

Releases E2F and causes progression from G1 to S

Back 132

Rb

Front 133

Sporadic mutation of Rb

Back 133

Unilateral Retinoblastoma

Front 134

Germline mutation of Rb

Back 134

Bilateral retinobalstoma, osteosarcoma

Front 135

Stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, blocking release of cytochrome c

Back 135

Bcl2

Front 136

Overexpression of Bcl2

Back 136

Follicular lymphoma, t(14:18)

Front 137

Process of metastasis

Back 137

Down regulate e-cadherin

Cells attach to laminin

Destroy the BM using collagenase type 4

Attach to fibronectin in ECM and spread locally

Enter the BV or lymphatics

Front 138

Carcinomas that spread hematogenously (4)

Back 138

Renal cell CA

Hepatocellular CA

Follicular CA of thyroid

ChorioCA

Front 139

"Omental Caking"

Back 139

Ovarian carcinoma seeding in body cavities

Front 140

Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children and adults

Back 140

ITP

Front 141

Source of the antibodies in ITP

Back 141

Spleen

Front 142

Decrease in ADAMTS13 enzyme

Back 142

TTP (cannot degrade large multimer of vWF -> abnormal plt adhesion -> micro thrombi)

Front 143

2 disease which causes microangioapathic hemolytic anemia

Back 143

TTP, HUS

Front 144

Bacteria causing HUS

Back 144

Ecoli O157:H7 (E coli verotoxin -> damages endothelial cells -> plt microthrombi)

Front 145

Most common inherited coagulation disorder

Back 145

von Willebrand disease

Front 146

vWF helps stabilize what coagulation factor

Back 146

Factor 8

Front 147

Treatment of vWD

Back 147

Desmopressin

Front 148

Increases vWF release from Weibel Palade bodies

Back 148

Desmopressin

Front 149

Necessary for gamma carboxylation of factors 2, 7, 9, 10 C and S

Back 149

Vitamin K

Front 150

Activates vitamin K in the liver

Back 150

Epoxide reductase

Front 151

Heparin binds to what molecule on the surface of platelets

Back 151

Platelet factor 4

Front 152

Increase fibrin split products and D-dimers

Back 152

DIC

Front 153

Increase fibrinogen split products but not D-dimers

Back 153

Disorder of fibrinolysis (overactivation of plasmin)

Front 154

Treatment of overactivity of plasmin

Back 154

Aminocaproic acid (blocks activation of plasminogen)

Front 155

Protein C and S inactivates factors (2)?

Back 155

Factors 5 and 8

Front 156

Increase risk for warfarin skin necrosis

Back 156

Protein C or S deficiency

Front 157

Most common inherited cause of hypercoagulable state?

Back 157

Factor V Leiden

Front 158

Why oral contraceptives cause hypercoagulable state?

Back 158

Estrogen induces production of coagulation factors

Front 159

Chronic form of decompression sickness causing multifocal ischemic necrosis of bone

Back 159

Caisson disease

Front 160

Embolus characterized by squamous cells and keratin debris

Back 160

Amniotic fluid embolus

Front 161

Absorption of iron occurs in

Back 161

Duodenum

Front 162

Channel that absorbs Iron in enterocytes to the blood

Back 162

Ferroportin

Front 163

Form of Iron that is easily absorbed

Back 163

Ferrous (maintained in ferrous state by stomach acid)

Front 164

IDA, esophageal web, atrophic glossitis

Back 164

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Presents with anemia, dysphagia and beefy red tongue

Front 165

Acute phase reactant that sequesters Iron in storage sites

Back 165

Hepcidin

Front 166

Suppresses EPO production in Anemia of chronic disease

Back 166

Hepcidin

Front 167

Inc Ferritin, dec TIBC, dec Iron, dec saturation, inc Free protoporhyrin

Back 167

Anemia of chronic disease

Front 168

Dec Ferritin, inc TIBC, dec Iron, dec saturation, inc Free protoporhyrin

Back 168

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 169

Anemia due to defect in protoporphyrin synthesis

Back 169

Sideroblastic anemia

Front 170

Rate limiting step in the production if protoporohyrin

Back 170

ALAS amino levolinic acid synthase

Succinyl CoA to ALA

Front 171

Cofactor of ALAS

Back 171

Vit B6

Front 172

Enzyme converting ALA to Porphobilinogen

Back 172

ALA dehydrogenase ALAD

Front 173

Enzyme converting protoporphyrin and Iron to heme

Back 173

Ferrochelatase

Occur in mitochondria

Front 174

Cause of ringed sideroblast

Back 174

Iron accumulate in mitochondria due to defective protoporphyrin synthesis

Front 175

Most common cause of acquired sideroblastic anemia

Back 175

Alcoholism - mitochondrial poison

Front 176

Lead inhibits 2 enzymes in heme synthesis

Back 176

ALAD and ferrocheletase

Front 177

Inc ferritin, dec TIBC, inc serum iron, inc saturation

Back 177

Sideroblastic anemia

(Iron overloaded state like hemochromatosis)

Front 178

Inc ferritin, dec TIBC, inc serum iron, inc saturation

Back 178

Sideroblastic anemia

(Iron overloaded state like hemochromatosis)

Front 179

Tetramers of Beta chains

Back 179

Hgb H, 3 alpha chains deleted

Front 180

Tetramers of Gamma chains

Back 180

Hgb Barts, 4 alpha chains deleted

Front 181

Aplastic crisis with parvovirus B19 occurs with

Back 181

Beta thalassemia major

Front 182

Folate is absorbed in

Back 182

Jejunum

Front 183

Vit B12 is absorbed in

Back 183

Ileum

Front 184

What binds to Vit B12 to be absorbed in the ileum

Back 184

Intinsic factor

Front 185

Converts methylmalonic acid to succinyl CoA

Back 185

Vit B12

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to accumulation of methylmalonic acid

Front 186

Accumulation of methylmalonic acid in spinal cord due to Vit B12 def

Back 186

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord

Front 187

3 tethering proteins involved in hereditary spherocytosis

Back 187

Spectrin, ankyrin, band 3.1

Front 188

Factors which increase risk of sickling

Back 188

Hypoxemia

Dehydration

Acidosis

Front 189

Drug increases levels of Hgb F

Back 189

Hydroxyurea

Front 190

What is the target of Parvovirus B19

Back 190

Erythroid precursors

Front 191

Increased risk of infection with encapsulated organisms due to autosplenectomy occurs in

Back 191

Sickle cell anemia

Front 192

Bacteria which cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia

Back 192

Salmonella paratyphi

Front 193

Over all common cause of osteomyelitis

Back 193

S aureus

Front 194

Most common cause of death of Sickle cell anemia in adults

Back 194

Acute chest syndrome (pneumonia)

Front 195

How to screen for sickle cell disease

Back 195

Metabisulfite screen

Positive in both disease and trait

Front 196

Test which confirms HbS

Back 196

Hb electrophoresis

Front 197

Acquired defect in myeloid stem cells resulting in absent GPI

Back 197

PNH

GPI attaches decay accelerating factor DAF and MIRL in cells which prevents degradation by complement

Front 198

Screening and confirmatory test for PNH

Back 198

Screening - Sucrose test

Confirm - acidifying serum test

Front 199

Marker tested in flow cytometry for PNH

Back 199

Detect lack of CD55 (DAF)

Front 200

Main cause of death in PNH

Back 200

Thrombosis of hepatic, portal and cerebral veins due to destruction of platelets

Front 201

Infectious agents causing IgM mediated hemolysis (2)

Back 201

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Infectious mononucleosis

Front 202

Cortisol can cause lymphopenia die to

Back 202

It causes apoptosis of lymphocytes

Front 203

Cell type that is earliest to be damaged due radiation

Back 203

Lymphocytes

Front 204

Immature neutrophils have decreased levels of this marker

Back 204

CD16

Front 205

Cortisol causes neutrophilia by?

Back 205

Increasing the shift of neutrophils from marginated pool to the circulating pool

Front 206

Marker increased in hodgkin lymphoma causing eosinophilia

Back 206

IL5

Front 207

Basophilia is associated with what leukemia

Back 207

CML

Front 208

Bacterial infxn causing lymphocytic leukocytosis

Back 208

Bordatella pertussis

Front 209

Substance that increases lymphocytes in bordatella pertussis infxn

Back 209

Lymphocytosis promoting factor

Front 210

Tcell type increased in Infectious mononucleosis

Back 210

CD8 Tcells

Front 211

Which part of the lymph node os affected in infectious mononucleosis

Back 211

Paracortex

Front 212

Part of the spleen affected in infectious mononucleosis

Back 212

Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) in the white pulp due to Tcells

Front 213

Atypical lymphocytes is associated with

Back 213

Infectious mononucleosis (CD8 Tcells)

Front 214

Screening test which detects IgM heterophile antibodies in IM

Back 214

Monospot test

Front 215

Definitive diagnistic test for IM

Back 215

EBV viral capsid antigen test

Front 216

Infectious mononucleos may become dormant in which cells

Back 216

B cells

Front 217

Rash may be associated in IM if administered with this drug

Back 217

Penicillin

Front 218

Marker to detect lymphoblasts

Back 218

TDT + (DNA polymerase)

Front 219

Marker for myelobalsts

Back 219

MPO +

Front 220

Classic surface markers of Bcell ALL

Back 220

CD 10, CD19, CD20

Front 221

Most common type of ALL

Back 221

Bcell ALL

Front 222

Bcell ALL that is more commonly seen in kids and has good prognosis

Back 222

t(12:21)

Front 223

Bcell ALL that is more commonly seen in adults and has poor prognosis

Back 223

t(9:22) also seen in CML (Ph+ ALL)

Front 224

Classic surface markers of Tcell ALL

Back 224

CD2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Front 225

ALL type most common in teenagers

Back 225

Tcell ALL (T for Teenager)

Front 226

"Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma"

Back 226

T cell ALL (because classically forming a mass in mediastinum (Thymus))

Front 227

t(15:17) type of leukemia

Back 227

APL

Front 228

t(15:17) encodes for what receptor

Back 228

RAR receptor is disrupted (promyelocytes accumulate)

Front 229

Auer rodes in APL can cause what complication

Back 229

DIC

Front 230

Leukemia with numerous Auer rods

Back 230

APL

Front 231

When given to APL can bind to RAR receptor, cause maturation of blasts

Back 231

ATRA

Front 232

Monoblasts preferentially infiltrate which part of the body

Back 232

Gums

Front 233

Myelocytic leukemia that lacks MPO

Back 233

Acute Megakaryocytic leukemia

Front 234

Cytopenia with hypercellular bone marrow

Back 234

Myelodisplastic syndrome

Front 235

Blast percentage in MDS

Back 235

<20%

Front 236

CLL is a chronic proliferation of ___ cells

Back 236

Naive B cells

Front 237

CLL express what markers

Back 237

CD5, CD20

Front 238

Important complication of CLL that could become a more aggressive tumor

Back 238

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Front 239

Hairy cell leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of what cell type

Back 239

Mature B cells

Front 240

TRAP positive leukemia

Back 240

Hairy cell

Front 241

Part of the spleen that is enlarged in Hairy cell leukemia

Back 241

Red pulp (normally white pulp is where lymphocytes are present, but not in this case)

Front 242

Drug with good response in hairy cell leukemia

Back 242

2CDA (Adenosine deaminase inhibitor) adenosine accumulates in t cells causing damage

Front 243

Neoplastic proliferation of mature CD4 Tcells

Back 243

Mycosis fungoides

Front 244

Mycosis fungoides is caused by neoplastic proloferation of what cell

Back 244

CD4 Tcells

Front 245

CD4 preferentially infiltrate which part of the body

Back 245

Skin (rash, plaques, nodules) aggregates of neoplastic T cell in epidermis

Front 246

Aggregates of neoplastic T cells in epidermis in Mycosis Fungoides

Back 246

Pautrier microabscesses

Front 247

If mycosis fungoides spread to the blood, it is called

Back 247

Sezary syndrome

Front 248

Classic appearance of lymphocytes with ceribriform nuclei

Back 248

Sezary cells

Front 249

First line treatment for CML which blocks tyrosine kinase activity

Back 249

Imatinib

Front 250

Clinical finding asso with accelerated phase of CML

Back 250

Enlarging spleen

Front 251

LAP result in CML

Back 251

LAP negative (LAP positive in leukemoid reaction)

Front 252

Mutation in Polycythemia vera

Back 252

JAK2 kinase mutation

Front 253

Secondline treatment in PV

Back 253

Hydroxyurea

Front 254

EPO levels in PV

Back 254

Decreased due to negative feedback

Front 255

Mutation in essential thrombocythemia

Back 255

JAK2 kinase

Front 256

Excessively produced by megakaryocytes causing marrow fibrosis

Back 256

PDGF

Front 257

Painless lymphadenopathy causes

Back 257

Chronic infection, metastatic carcinoma, lymphoma

Front 258

Part of the lymph node enlarged in viral infections

Back 258

Paracortex

Front 259

Part of the lymph node enlarged in viral rheumatoid arthritis and early HIV

Back 259

Follicles

Front 260

Classic finding in lymphnodes which are draining tissue with cancer

Back 260

Sinus histiocytes

Front 261

Part of the lymph node where the T cells live

Back 261

Paracortex

Front 262

Part of the lymph node where the B cells live

Back 262

Cortex ("B and C" close together)

Front 263

Lmyphoma of neoplastic small B cells

Back 263

Follicular lymphoma

Front 264

Follicular lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of what cells?

Back 264

small B cells (CD20+) that make follicle loke nodules

Front 265

Over expression of BCL2 causes

Back 265

Inhibition of apoptosis ( inc cells in follicular lymphoma due to defective apoptosis)

Front 266

Anti CD20 antibody drug for follicular lymphoma

Back 266

Rituximab

Front 267

Follicular lymphoma may progress to

Back 267

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Front 268

Lymphoma by t(11:14) mutation

Back 268

Mantle cell lymphoma

Front 269

Gene drive production of mantle cell lymphoma

Back 269

Cyclin D1 overexpression (promotes G1 to S)

Front 270

Lymphoma associated with chronic inflammatory states

Back 270

Marginal zone lymphoma

Front 271

Gastric MALToma is associated with what bacteria

Back 271

H pylori

Front 272

3 types of small B cell lymphoma

Back 272

Follicular, mantle cell, marginal zone

Front 273

Neoplastic proliferation of intermediate sized B cells

Back 273

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 274

t(8:14) is a translocation of

Back 274

C-myc of Burkitt's lymphoma (oncogene that promotes cell growth)

Front 275

Lymphoma asso woth high mitotic growth and "starry sky appearance"

Back 275

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 276

Most common form of Non HL

Back 276

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Front 277

Reed sternberg cell

Back 277

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 278

Surface markers in Hodgkins lymphoma

Back 278

CD15, CD30

Front 279

Large B cell with multilobed nuclei and prominent nucleoli

Back 279

Reed-Sternberg cell (owls eye appearance)

Front 280

B symptoms

Back 280

Fever, chills, night sweats

Front 281

Most common for of HL

Back 281

Nodular sclerosis

Front 282

Classic presentation of enlarging cervical or mediastinal LN in young adult female

Back 282

Nodular Sclerosis HL

Front 283

Special type of Reed sternberg cell found in nodular sclerosis

Back 283

Lacunar cells (lake like cells of RS cells)

Front 284

HL subtype with best prognosis

Back 284

Lymphocyte rich subtype

Front 285

HL subtype with worst prognosis

Back 285

Lymphocyte poor subtype

Front 286

HL subtype with abundnat eosinophils

Back 286

Mixed cellularity

Front 287

Marker elevated in multiple myeloma

Back 287

IL6 (plasma cells)

Front 288

Neoplastic plasma cells activate __ receptors on osteoclasts in MM

Back 288

RANK receptor (osteoclast activating factor)

Front 289

M spike on protein electriphoresis

Back 289

Multiple myeloma (monoclonal IgG or IgA)

Front 290

Increase in serum free light chains and deposit in tissues

Back 290

Primary amyloidosis in MM

Front 291

Free light chains excreted in urine

Back 291

Bence Jones protein

Front 292

M spike in serum electrophoresis comprised of IgM

Back 292

Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia

Front 293

Birbeck or tennis racket granules

Back 293

Langerhans histiocytosis

Front 294

Markers of Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Back 294

CD1a, S100

Front 295

Malignant proliferation of Langerhans cells in <2y/o

Back 295

Letterer - Siwe disease

Front 296

Malignant proliferation of Langerhans cells in >3y/o

Back 296

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

Front 297

Most common form of vaculitis in older adults (>50y/o)

Back 297

Temporal (Giant cell) arteritis

Front 298

Most common form of vaculitis in older adults (<50y/o)

Back 298

Takayasu arteritis

Front 299

Temporal (Giant cell) arteritis promarily affects the branches of what major artery?

Back 299

Carotid

Front 300

Takayasu arteritis promarily affects the branches of what major artery?

Back 300

Aortic arch at branch points

Front 301

Arteritis that is also called "pulseless disease"

Back 301

Takayasu arteritis

Front 302

Arteritis that affects muscular arteries

Back 302

Medium vessel arteritis

Front 303

Necrotizing vasculitis involvong most organs EXCEPT the lung in young adults

Back 303

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 304

Transmural inflammation asso with fibrinoid necrosis

Back 304

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 305

'String of pearl' appearance on imaging

Back 305

Polyarteritis nodosa

Front 306

Preferrential artery involved in kawasaki disease

Back 306

Coronary artery

Front 307

Treatment of Kawasaki disease

Back 307

Aspirin and IVIg

Front 308

Necrotizing vasculitis involving digits, (ulceration, gangrene, autoamputation) associated with smoking

Back 308

Buerger disease

Front 309

Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis involving nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, middle aged males,

Back 309

Wegener granulomatosis

Front 310

Serum C-ANCA (cytaplosmic)

Back 310

Wegener granulomatosis

Front 311

Treatment for Wegener granulomatosis

Back 311

Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

Front 312

Serum P-ANCA

Back 312

Microscopic polyangitis and Churg Strauss

Front 313

Same as Wegener granulomatosis w/o nasopharyngeal involvement and granulomas

Back 313

Microscopic polyangitis

Front 314

Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis involving eosinophils, multiple organs esp heart and lungs, with asthma and peripheral eosinophilia

Back 314

Churg Strauss syndrome

Front 315

Vasculitis due to IgA immune complexes

Back 315

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Front 316

Most common vasculitis in children

Back 316

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Front 317

Vasculitis asso with PALPABLE purpura on buttocks and legs, GI pain and bleed, hematuria, occurs following URTI

Back 317

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Front 318

Most common site of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Back 318

Below the renal arteries above the bifurcation

Front 319

Tree bark appearance of thoracic aorta

Back 319

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Front 320

Triad of hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass, flank pain

Back 320

Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture

Front 321

Hallmark of subendocardial ischemia

Back 321

ST segment depression

Front 322

% of blockage that causes chest pain in stable angina

Back 322

<70%

Front 323

Chest pain at rest

Back 323

Unstable angina

Front 324

Due to rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and INCOMPLETE occlusion of a coronary artery

Back 324

Unstable angina

Front 325

Vasospasm of the coronary artery

Back 325

Prinzmetal angina

Front 326

ECG finding in prinzmetal angina

Back 326

Transmural ischemia causing ST segment elevation

Front 327

Due to rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and COMPLETE occlusion of a coronary artery

Back 327

Myocardial infarction

Front 328

Cardiac marker useful for detection of reinfarction days after MI

Back 328

CK MB since peak is 24hrs and normal by 3 days

Front 329

CK-MB rises ___ hrs

Back 329

4-6hrs

Front 330

CK-MB peaks ___ hrs

Back 330

24 hrs

Front 331

CK-MB returns to normal ___ hrs

Back 331

72 hrs / 3 days

Front 332

Troponin rises ___ hrs

Back 332

2-4 hrs

Front 333

Troponin peaks ___ hrs

Back 333

24 hrs

Front 334

Troponin returns to normal ___ days

Back 334

7-10 days

Front 335

1 day, 1 week, 1 month

Back 335

< 1 day - coagulative necrosis

1 day to 1 week - inflammatory phase

1 week to 1 month - granulation tissue

After 1 month - scar

Front 336

Papillary muscle is supplied by what coronary artery

Back 336

Right coronary artery (infarction would cause mitral insufficiency)

Front 337

Autoimmune destruction if pericardium after MI

Back 337

Dressler syndrome

Front 338

Septal defect asso with fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 338

VSD

Front 339

Most common ASD

Back 339

Ostium secundum

Front 340

ASD asso with Down syndrome

Back 340

Ostium primum

Front 341

Congenital heart defect asso with maternal diabetes

Back 341

TGA

Front 342

Congenital heart defect asso with Turner syndrome

Back 342

Coarctation of the aorta ("coarcturner of the aorta")

Front 343

Nothcing of the ribs

Back 343

Coarctation of the aorta adult form

Front 344

Aschoff bodies

Back 344

ARF Myocarditis

Front 345

Bounding pulses, head bobbing, pulsating nailbed

Back 345

Aortic regurgutation

Front 346

Mid systolic click

Back 346

MVP

Front 347

Opening snap followed by diastolic rumble

Back 347

Mitral stenosis

Front 348

Most common cause of IE in IV drug users

Back 348

S aureus

Front 349

Valve involved in IE by S aureus

Back 349

Tricuspid valve

Front 350

Most common cause of IE in prosthetic valves

Back 350

S epidermidis

Front 351

Most common cause of IE in colorectal CA

Back 351

S bovis

Front 352

Most common cause of IE with negative culture

Back 352

HACEK organisms

Front 353

Erythematous nontender lesions on the palms nd soles

Back 353

Janeway lesions

Front 354

Painful lesions on fingers or toes

Back 354

Osler nodes (ouch -osler)

Front 355

Sterile vegetations on both sides of the mitral valve asso with SLE

Back 355

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Front 356

Valve defect in Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Back 356

Mitral regurgitation

Front 357

Heart defect due to Autosomal dominant (AD) genetic mutations in sarcomere proteins

Back 357

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Front 358

Most common site of myxoma

Back 358

Left atrium

Front 359

Benign hamartoma of cardiac muscle, most common primary cardiac tumor in children

Back 359

Rhabdomyoma

Front 360

Benign hamartoma of cardiac muscle, most commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis

Back 360

Rhabdomyoma

Front 361

Part of the heart most commonly involved in metastatic tumors of the heart

Back 361

Pericardium causing pericairdial effusion

Front 362

Benign tumor of tge nasal mucosa compised of large BV and fibrous tissue, seen in adolescent males with profuse epistaxis

Back 362

Angiofibroma

Front 363

Virus asso with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Back 363

EBV

Front 364

Most common cause of acute epiglottitis, esp in non immunized children

Back 364

H influenza type b

Front 365

Most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis

Back 365

Parainfluenza virus

Front 366

Asso with barking cough and inspiratory stridor

Back 366

Croup

Front 367

Most common cause of secondary pneumonia

Back 367

S aureus

Front 368

Most common cause of pneumonia superimposed on COPD

Back 368

H influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis

Front 369

Intracellular bacteria visualized by silver stain

Back 369

Legionella pneumophila

Front 370

Most common cause of atypical pneumonia usually in young adults

Back 370

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 371

Most common cause of atypical pneumonia in infants

Back 371

RSV

Front 372

Anaerobic bacteria in oropharynx

Back 372

Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptococcus

Front 373

Reid index in chronic bronchitis

Back 373

>50% (normally <40% )

Front 374

Most common cause of centriacinar emphysema

Back 374

Smoking

Front 375

Most common cause of panacinar emphysema

Back 375

A1 antitrypsin deficiency

Front 376

Early phase of asthma

Back 376

IgE mediated activation of mast cells (IgE induced by IL4)

Front 377

Late phase of asthma

Back 377

Inflammation (secretion of major basic protein that perpetuates bronchoconstriction)

Front 378

Crystalline aggregates of eosinophil major basic protein

Back 378

Charcor leyden crystals

Front 379

FEV1: FVC ratio of restrictive lung disease

Back 379

Increase >80% (more decreased FVC: decreased FEV1)

Front 380

FEV1: FVC ratio of obstructive lung disease

Back 380

Decrease <80% (decreased FVC: more decreased FEV1)

Front 381

Pathogenesis of idiopathoc pulmo fibrosis

Back 381

Injured pneumocytes secrete TGF B which induces fibrosis

Front 382

Pneumoconiosis that increases risk for TB

Back 382

Silicosis

Front 383

Ferroginous bodies

Back 383

Asbestosis

Front 384

Asteroid body

Back 384

Sarcoidosis

Front 385

Why noncaseating granulomas produce hypercalcemia

Back 385

Secretes 1 alpha hydroxylase activity (converts vitamin D)

Front 386

Normal mean pulmonary arterial pressure

Back 386

10mmHg

Front 387

mean pulmonary arterial pressure in pulmonary hypertension

Back 387

>25mmHg

Front 388

Mutation asso with primary pulmonary hypertension

Back 388

BMPR2 (which leads to proliferation of vascular smooth muscle)

Front 389

Hallmark of ARDS

Back 389

formation of hyaline membrane inside the alveoli

Front 390

Pathogenesis of ARDS

Back 390

Activation of neutrophils induces protease mediated and free radical damage of type I and II pneumocytes

Front 391

Major component of lung surfactant

Back 391

Phosphatyl choline

Front 392

Normal LS ratio

Back 392

>2

Front 393

Insulin is a lung surfactant (stimulant or inhibitor?)

Back 393

Inhibitor (that is why maternal diabetes cause neonatal RDS)

Front 394

Asso with keratin pearls or intercellular bridges

Back 394

Squamous cell lung CA

Front 395

Asso with Eaton- Lambert syndrome

Back 395

Small cell lung CA

Front 396

Bronchioloalveolar CA arises from what cells

Back 396

Clara cells

Front 397

Asso with Clara cells

Back 397

Bronchioloalveolar CA

Front 398

Asso with chromogranin + lung tumor

Back 398

Carcinoid tumor (well differentiated neuroendocrine cells)

Front 399

Most common source of metastatic cancer to the lung

Back 399

Breast and colon CA

Front 400

Multiple cannon ball nodules of the lung

Back 400

Metastatic tumor of the lung

Front 401

Compression of the sympathetic chain causes ptosis, pinpoint pupils and anhidrosis

Back 401

Pancoast tumor

Front 402

Recurrent apthous ulcer, genital ulcer and uveitis

Back 402

Behcet syndrome

Front 403

Hairy leukoplakia is asso with what virus

Back 403

EBV

Front 404

Most common tumor of the salivary gland

Back 404

Pleomorphic adenoma

Front 405

Most common site of Pleomorphic adenoma

Back 405

Parotid gland

Front 406

2nd most common tumor of the salivary gland

Back 406

Warthin tumor

Front 407

Benign cystic tumor of the salivary gland with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers

Back 407

Warthin tumor

Front 408

Painful hematemesis

Back 408

Mallory weiss syndrome

Front 409

Painless hematemesis

Back 409

Esophageal varices

Front 410

Esophageal rupture

Back 410

Boerhave syndrome

Front 411

Tumor of the upper 1/3 of esophagus metastasize to what lymph node

Back 411

Cervical nodes

Front 412

Tumor of the middle 1/3 of esophagus metastasize to what lymph node

Back 412

Mediastinal or tracheobronchial nodes

Front 413

Tumor of the lower 1/3 of esophagus metastasize to what lymph node

Back 413

Celiac and gastric nodes

Front 414

Persistent herniation of the bowel into the umbilical cord, abdominal contents covered by peritoneum and amnion of umbilical cord

Back 414

Omphalocele

Front 415

Congenital malformation of the abdominal wall

Back 415

Gastroschisis

Front 416

Gastritis caused by severe burn

Back 416

Curling ulcer

Front 417

Gastritis caused by increased intracranial pressure

Back 417

Cushing ulcer

Front 418

Pathogenesis of Cushing ulcer

Back 418

Inc ICP -> inc vagal stimulation -> -inc Ach > Ach bind to parietal cell -> inc acid production

Front 419

Most common site fof H pylori gastritis

Back 419

Antrum

Front 420

3 receptors in parietal cells that help regulate the amount of acid produced

Back 420

Ach receptor

Gastrin receptor

Histamine receptor

Front 421

Part of the stomach where parietal cells are located

Back 421

Body and fundus

Front 422

Part of the stomach where parietal cells are located

Back 422

Body and fundus

Front 423

Most common site of peptic ulcer disease

Back 423

Proximal duodenum

Front 424

Site of peptic ulcer that usually leads to rupture of gastroduodenal artery or acute pancreatitis

Back 424

Posterior ulcer

Front 425

Epigastric pain that worsens with meals is what type of ulcer

Back 425

Gastric ulcer (duodenal ulcer - improves with meals)

Front 426

Gastric ulcer is usually located on the

Back 426

lesser curvature of the antrum

Front 427

Rupture of gastric ulcer carries risk of bleeding from what artery

Back 427

Left gastric artery (because runs along lesser curvature of the stomach)

Front 428

Characteristics of bening ulcer

Back 428

Small

Punched out hole

Margins is normal, no piling up of mucosa at the edge of ulcer

Front 429

Type of gastric carcinoma that usually presents as large irregular ulcer with heaped up margins

Back 429

Intestinal type

Front 430

Type of gastric carcinoma that most commonly involves the lesser curvature of the stomach

Back 430

Intestinal type

Front 431

Type of gastric carcinoma that is asso with signet ring cells tagt diffusely infiltrate the gastric wall

Back 431

Diffuse type

Front 432

Desmoplasia results in thickening of the stomach wall called

Back 432

Linitis plastica

Front 433

Presence of seborrheic keratosis in the skin asso with gastric carcinoma

Back 433

Leser trelat sign

Front 434

Type of gastric carcinoma that metastasizes to the periumbilical region?

Back 434

Sister mary joseph nodule in intestinal type

Front 435

Type of gastric carcinoma that metastasizes to the bilateral ovaries and it is also called

Back 435

Krukenberg tumor seen in diffuse type

Front 436

Duodenal atresia is asso with what syndrome

Back 436

Down syndrome ("Duodenal - Down")

Front 437

Double bubble sign

Back 437

Duodenal atresia ("DUOdenal - DOUble bubble")

Front 438

True diverticulum

Back 438

Meckel diverticulum

Front 439

Outpouching of all three layers of the bowel wall

Back 439

Meckel diverticulum

Front 440

Arises due failure of vitelline duct to involute

Back 440

Meckel diverticulum

Front 441

Most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract

Back 441

Meckel diverticulum

Front 442

Meckel diverticulum is usually located within __ feet from the ileocecal valve

Back 442

2 feet

Front 443

Most common location of volvulus in elderly

Back 443

Sigmoid colon

Front 444

Most common location of volvulus in yoing adults

Back 444

Cecum

Front 445

Most common cause of intussiception in children

Back 445

Lymphoid hyperplasia (in terminal ileum to cecum)

Front 446

Most common cause of intussiception in adults

Back 446

Tumor

Front 447

Transmural infarction of the intestine is usually due thrombosis or embolus to what 2 structures

Back 447

SMA and mesenteric vein

Front 448

Immune mediated damage of the small bowel villi due to gluten exposure

Back 448

Celiac disease

Front 449

HLA asso with celiac disease

Back 449

HLA DQ2, DQ8

Front 450

Most pathogenic component of gluten

Back 450

Gliadin

Front 451

Pathogenesis of Celiac disease

Back 451

Gluten has gliadin -> gliadin deaminated by tissue transglutaminase -> deaminated gliadin presented by APCs via MHC2 -> helper Tcells mediate tissue damage

Front 452

Asso with IgA deposition at the tips od dermal papillae in Celiac disease

Back 452

Dermatitis herpetiformis (resolves with gluten free diet)

Front 453

Asso with flattening of the villi, hyperplasia of intestinal crypts and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes

Back 453

Celiac disease

Front 454

Celiac disease most commonly involves damage in what part of GIT

Back 454

Duodenum

Front 455

Same as celiac disease except it occurs in tropical regions and arises after infectious diarrhea and responds to antibiotic

Back 455

Tropical sprue

Front 456

Trooical sprue the damage is more commonly located in whar part of GIT

Back 456

Jejunum and ileum (compared to duodenum in celiac disease)

Front 457

Systemic tissue damage characterized by fat malabsorption and steatorrhea

Back 457

Whipples disease

Front 458

Classic site of involvement in whipples disease

Back 458

Lamina propria of small bowel

Front 459

Deficiency of Apo B48 and B100

Back 459

Abetalipoprotenemia

Front 460

Deficiency of Apo B48 and B100

Back 460

Abetalipoprotenemia

Front 461

Carcinoid tumor secretes what hormone

Back 461

Serotonin

Front 462

Bronchospasm, diarrhea, flushing of the skin

Back 462

Carcinoid syndrome

Front 463

Carcinoid tumor that metastasize to the liver results in

Back 463

Carcinoid syndrome (increase serotonin in the circulation causing bronchospasm, (carcinoid synd), diarrhea, flushing ("BCDF")

Front 464

If serotonin secreted by carcinoid tumor of liver passes the right atrium, what heart defects will it cause

Back 464

Tricuspid regurg, pulmonary stenosis (right sided valvular fibrosis)

Front 465

Key histologic hallmark of ulcerative colitis

Back 465

Crypt abscesses with neutrophils

Front 466

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: mucosal and submucosal ulcers

Back 466

UC

Front 467

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: full thickness inflammation

Back 467

CD

Front 468

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: begins in rectum and extend only up to cecum (small bowel unaffected)

Back 468

UC

Front 469

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: "continuous involvement of the bowel"

Back 469

UC

Front 470

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: crypt abscess

Back 470

UC

Front 471

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: loss of haustra "lead pipe" sign on imaging

Back 471

UC

Front 472

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: presence of pseudopolyps

Back 472

UC

Front 473

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: complications could lead to toxic mega colon

Back 473

UC

Front 474

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Back 474

UC

Front 475

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: associated with p-ANCA

Back 475

UC

Front 476

Associated with p-ANCA (3)

Back 476

Churgs strauss, ulcerative colitis and microscopic polyangitis

Front 477

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: smoking is protective

Back 477

UC

Front 478

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: skipped lesions

Back 478

CD

Front 479

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: anywhere from mouth to anus

Back 479

CD

Front 480

Most common site of chrons disease in the intestine

Back 480

Terminal ileum

Front 481

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: left lower quadrant pain (rectum) with bloody diarrhea

Back 481

UC

Front 482

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: right lower quadrant pain (ileum) with non bloody diarrhea

Back 482

CD

Front 483

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: hsitologic hallmark is lymphoid aggregates with granulomas

Back 483

CD

Front 484

hsitologic hallmark of chrons disease

Back 484

lymphoid aggregates with granulomas

Front 485

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: cobble stone appearance of mucosa, creeping fat and strictures

Back 485

CD

Front 486

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: associated with ankylosing spondylitis, migratory polyarthritis, erythema nodosum

Back 486

CD

Front 487

Ulcerative colitis UC or chrons disease CD: smoking increases the risk

Back 487

CD

Front 488

Weak point in the colonic wall where colonic diverticula arises

Back 488

Where vasa recta traverses the muscularis propria

Front 489

Most common location of colonic diverticula

Back 489

Sigmoid colon

Front 490

Most common cause of ischemic colitis

Back 490

Atherosclerosis of SMA

Front 491

Most common site of ischemic colitis

Back 491

Splenic flexure

Front 492

Familial adenomatous polyposis with fibromatosis and osteomas

Back 492

Gardner syndrome

Front 493

Familial adenomatous polyposis asso with CNS tumors (medulloblastoma and glial tumors)

Back 493

Turcot syndrome

Front 494

Hamartomatous polyps throughout GI tract with mucocutaneuos hyperpigmentation of lips, oral mucosa and genital skin

Back 494

Peutz Jeghers syndrome

Front 495

3 carcinomas that HNPCC are at increase risks

Back 495

Colorectal, ovarian, endometrial CA

Front 496

Premature activation of this enzyme leads to activation of other enzymes in acute pancreatitis

Back 496

Trypsin

Front 497

2 most common cause of acute pancreatitis

Back 497

Alcohol and gall stones

Front 498

2 most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

Back 498

Alcohol and cystic fibrosis

Front 499

2 major risk factors for pancreatic carcinoma

Back 499

Smoking and chronic pancreatitis

Front 500

Why is estrogen a risk factor for gall stones

Back 500

Estrogen increase activity of HMG CoA reductase -> increase cholesterol synthesis

Estrogen also increases lipoprotein receptors in the liver -> increasing cholesterol uptake

Front 501

Rokitansky aschoff sinus

Back 501

Chronic cholecystitis

Front 502

Late complication of chronic cholecystitis

Back 502

Porcelain gall bladder

Front 503

Virus causing fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women (liver failure with massive liver necrosis)

Back 503

HEV

Front 504

Liver fibrosis is mediated by what cell which secretes TGF B

Back 504

Stellate cells

Front 505

Liver cirrhosis causes inefficient clearing of estrogen causing which symptoms of liver cirrhosis

Back 505

Gynecomastia, palmar erythema, apider angiomata

Front 506

Mallory body is asso with

Back 506

Alcoholic hepatitis

Front 507

Damaged intermediate filaments within the hepatocytes found in alcoholic hepatitis

Back 507

Mallory bodies

Front 508

Painful hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes (AST> ALT)

Back 508

Alcoholic hepatitis (since alcohol is a mitondrial poison and AST is found in mitochondira)

Front 509

Mutations in HFE gene most commonly C282Y causes

Back 509

Primary hemochromatosis

Front 510

How to distinguish brown pigment in hepatocytes as iron or lipofuscin

Back 510

Prussian blue stain (iron will turn blue)

Front 511

AR defect in ATP7B gene in ATP mediated hepatocyte copper transport

Back 511

Wilson disease

Front 512

Treatment for wilsons disease which is a copper chelating agent

Back 512

D penicillamine

Front 513

Autoimmune granulomatous destruction of intraheptic bile ducts

Back 513

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Front 514

Asso with antimitochondrial antibody

Back 514

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Front 515

Inflammation and fibrosis of intraheptic amd extrahepatic bile ducts

Back 515

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (unlike primary biliary cirrhosis - intrahepatic only)

Front 516

Periductal fibrosis with onion skin appearance

Back 516

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Front 517

Fulminant lievr failure and encephalopathy in children with viral illness who take aspirin

Back 517

Reye syndrome (mitochondrial damage)

Front 518

Most common congenital renal anomaly

Back 518

Horshoe kidney

Front 519

Renal disease asso with berey aneurysm, hepatic cysts, mitral valve prolapse

Back 519

ADPCKD

Front 520

Why does glomerular disease cause hypercoagulable state

Back 520

Decrease absorption of anti thrombin 3

Front 521

Most common nephrotic syndrome in children

Back 521

Minimal change disease

Front 522

Nephrotic syndrome asso with Hodgkin lymphoma

Back 522

Minimal change disease

Front 523

Effacement of foot processes on EM

Back 523

Minimal change disease

Front 524

Selective proteinuria (loss of albumin but not Ig)

Back 524

Minimal change disease

Front 525

Only nephrotic syndrome with excellent response to steroids

Back 525

Minimal change disease

Front 526

Nephrotic syndrome asso with HIV, heroin use, sickle cell disease

Back 526

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Front 527

Nephrotic syndrome asso with HBV, HCV, solid tumors, SLE, NSAIDs

Back 527

Membranous Nephropathy

Front 528

Subendothelial deposits with spike and dome appearance on EM

Back 528

Membranous Nephropathy

Front 529

Any nephropathy with "membranous" has (positive/negative) granular immunoflorescence

Back 529

Positive since membranous = immune deposition

Front 530

Thick capillary membrane with Tram Track appearance, granular immunofluorescence

Back 530

Membranoproliferative GN

Front 531

Type of Membranoproliferative GN asso with subendothelial immune deposits, HBV and HCV, most likely causong Tram Track appearance

Back 531

Type 1 MPGN

Front 532

Type of Membranoproliferative GN asso with intramembranous immune deposits and C3 nephritic factor (which stabilizes c3 convertase preventing degradation)

Back 532

Type 2

Front 533

Part of glomerulus that is preferentially affected in diabetic hyaline arteriolosclerosis

Back 533

Efferent arteriole (constriction of EA results in increase glomerular filtration pressure, causing nephrotic syndrome)

Front 534

Antihypertensive that decreases constriction of efferent arterioles in diabetic hyaline arteriolosclerosis

Back 534

ACE inhibitors (decreases angiotensin 2 which constricts EA)

Front 535

Sclerosis of the mesangium in diabetic nephropathy

Back 535

Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules

Front 536

Most commonly affected organ in systemic amyloidosis

Back 536

Kidney

Front 537

Apple green bifringence of mesangum deposits under polarized light

Back 537

Systemic amyloidosis nephropathy

Front 538

Hallamark of nephritic syndrome

Back 538

Glomerular inflammation and bleeding

Front 539

Virulence factor of S pyogenes causing PSGN

Back 539

M protein

Front 540

Asso with subepithelial hump on EM

Back 540

PSGN

Front 541

Crescents in RPGN is composed of

Back 541

Fibrin and macrophages

Front 542

Most common nephritic renal disease in SLE

Back 542

Diffuse proliferative GN

Front 543

Nephritic syndrome asso with linear immunoflourescence

Back 543

Good pasteur syndrome

Front 544

Nephritic syndrome asso with granular immunoflourescence

Back 544

PSGN or Diffuse PGN

Front 545

Nephritic syndrome asso with negative immunoflourescence

Back 545

Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyangitis, churg strauss

Front 546

Episodic hematuria with RBC casts usually following mucosal infections

Back 546

IgA Nephropathy

Front 547

Defect in Type 4 collagen, Thinning and spliting of glomerular basement membrane

Back 547

Alport syndrome

Front 548

Isolated hematuria, sensory hearng loss, ocular disturbances

Back 548

Alport syndrome

Front 549

Cortical scarring of the kidneys with blunted calyces

Back 549

Chronic pyelonephritis

Front 550

Scarring of upper and lower poles of thr kidney

Back 550

Vesicoureteral reflux

Front 551

Thyroidization of the kidney

Back 551

Chronic pyelonephritis

Front 552

Colicky pain with hematuria and unilateral flank tenderness

Back 552

Nephrolithiasis

Front 553

Type of stone causing staghorn calculus

Back 553

Ammonium magnesium phosphate stone

Front 554

Cause if staghorn calculus in children

Back 554

Cysteinuria

Front 555

Epo is produced in

Back 555

Renal peritubular interstitial cells

Front 556

Angiomyolipoma has increased frequency in patients with

Back 556

Tuberous sclerosis

Front 557

Hematuria, palpable mass and flank pain

Back 557

Renal cell CA

Front 558

Most common subtype of renal cell CA

Back 558

clear cell type

Front 559

Pathogenesis of Renal Cell CA is loss of what gene

Back 559

VHL (3P) tumor suppressor gene

Front 560

Increased risk for renal cell CA and hemangioblastoma

Back 560

Von Hippel Lindau disease

Front 561

Von Hippel Lindau disease is associated with (2 tumors)

Back 561

renal cell CA and hemangioblastoma

Front 562

Renal cell CA metastasizes to what lymph nodes

Back 562

Retroperitoneal lymph nodes

Front 563

Staging of T in renal cell CA is based in tumor size and imvolvement of what structure

Back 563

Renal vein

Front 564

Hallmark cell of Wilms tumor

Back 564

Blastema (which produces primitive glomeruli, tubules and stromal cells)

Front 565

What is WAGR syndrome

Back 565

Wilms tumor

Aniridia

Genital abnormalities

Retardation (mental and motor)

Front 566

Asso with wilms tumor, neonatal hypoglycemia, muscular hemihypertrophy, organomegaly

Back 566

Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome

Front 567

Major risk factor for urothelial CA

Back 567

Smoking

Front 568

Koilocytes

Back 568

HPV

Front 569

Thinning of the epideemis and fobrosis of the dermis of the vulva, post menauposal, leukoplakia with parchment like vulvar skin

Back 569

Lichen sclerosis

Front 570

Opposite of lichen sclerosis

Back 570

Lichen simplex chronicus

Front 571

Hyperplasia of vulvar epithelium, leukoplakia with thick leathery vulvar skin

Back 571

Lichen simplex chronicus

Front 572

Paget Disease or Melanoma: PAS +, Keratin +, S100 -

Back 572

Paget disease

Front 573

Paget Disease or Melanoma: PAS -, Keratin -, S100 +

Back 573

Melanoma

Front 574

Focal persistence of columnar epithelium in upper 1/3 of vagina

Back 574

Adenosis

Front 575

Malignant proliferation of glands in vagina with clear cytoplasm

Back 575

Clear cell adenoCA

Front 576

Cell with characteristic cytoplasmic cross striations

Back 576

Rhabdomyoblast (in rhabdomyosarcoma)

Front 577

Cell positive IHC staining for desmin and myoglobin

Back 577

Rhabdomyoblast

Front 578

Cancer of the lower 2/3 of vagina metastasize to what lymph nodes

Back 578

Inguinal lymph nodes

Front 579

Cancer of the upper 1/3 of vagina metastasize to what lymph nodes

Back 579

Regional iliac lymph nodes

Front 580

Proteins in high risk HPV that increases destruction of p53

Back 580

E6

Front 581

Proteins in high risk HPV that increases destruction of Rb gene

Back 581

E7

Front 582

Secondary amenorrhea due to loss of basalis (regenerative) layer of endometrium as a result of over aggressive D&C

Back 582

Asherman syndrome

Front 583

Fever, abdominal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain

Back 583

Acute endometritis

Front 584

Chracteristic cell in chronic endometritis

Back 584

Plasma cell

Front 585

Side effect of this drug causes endometrial polyp

Back 585

Tamoxifen

Front 586

Presence of endometriosis in the myometrium

Back 586

Adenomyosis

Front 587

Endometrial hyperplasia is a consequence of

Back 587

Unopposed estrogen

Front 588

Most important predictor for progression to endometrial CA

Back 588

Cellular atypia

Front 589

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterized by inc (FSH/LH) and dec (FSH/LH)

Back 589

Increase LH

Decrease FSH

LH : FSH >2

Front 590

Mutation of this gene has increased risk for serous carcinoma of ovary and fallopian tube

Back 590

BRCA1 mutation (also causes breast CA)

Front 591

Ovarian tumor that has cells that resemble urothelial cells

Back 591

Brenner tumor

Front 592

Ovarian tumor usually occur in women of reproductive age

Back 592

Germ cell ovarian tumors

Front 593

Most common germ cell tumor in females

Back 593

Cystic teratoma

Front 594

Cystic teratoma compose primarily of thyroid tissue

Back 594

Stroma ovarii

Front 595

Most common malignant germ cell tumor

Back 595

Dysgerminoma

Front 596

Ovarian tumor composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei

Back 596

Dysgerminoma

Front 597

What enzyme may be elevated in dysgerminoma

Back 597

LDH (LDysgerminomaH)

Front 598

Malignant tumor that mimics the yolk sac

Back 598

Endodermal sinus tumor

Front 599

Most common germ cell tumor in children

Back 599

Endodermal sinus tumor

Front 600

Schiller Duval bodies

Back 600

Endodermal sinus tumor (glomeruloid structure)

Front 601

Ovatian tumor composed of trophoblast and syncytiotrophobalst (villi are absent)

Back 601

Choriocarcinoma - poor response to chemotherapy

Front 602

Ovatian tumor composed of large primitive cells

Back 602

Embryonal CA

Front 603

Sex cord stromal ovarian tumor with signs of estrogen excess

Back 603

Granulosa theca cell tumor

Front 604

Reinke crystal

Back 604

Leydig cells

Front 605

Ovarian tumor that is fibroma, pleural effusion, ascites

Back 605

Meigs syndrome

Front 606

Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes

Back 606

Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Front 607

Sub type of C trachomatis causing LGV

Back 607

L1-L3

Front 608

Most common congenital male repro abnormality

Back 608

Cryptoorchidism

Front 609

Scrotal swelling with "bag of worms" appearance

Back 609

Varicocele

Front 610

Varicocele is usually affected in what side

Back 610

Left due to the connection to the ledt renal vein

Front 611

Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

Back 611

Hydrocele

Front 612

Most common type of testicular tumor

Back 612

Germ cell tumor

Front 613

2 risk factors for testicular germ cell tumor

Back 613

Cryptoorchidism and klinefelter syndrome

Front 614

Most common testicular tumor in children

Back 614

Yolk sac tumor

Front 615

Schiller duval bodies

Back 615

Yolk sac tumor

Front 616

B hCG is produced

Back 616

Synctiotrophoblast

Front 617

Teratoma in females is (benign/malignant)

Back 617

Benign

Front 618

Teratoma in males is (benign/malignant)

Back 618

Malignant

Front 619

Most common cause of testicular mass in males >60 and often bilateral

Back 619

Lymphoma usually diffuse large B cell type

Front 620

BPH occurs in what psrt of prostate

Back 620

Periurethral zone of prostate

Front 621

Prolactin inhibits synthesis and release of which hormone

Back 621

GnRH (causing amenorrhea, dec libido)

Front 622

Prolactin is inhibited by what hormone

Back 622

Dopamine (prolactinoma can be treated with dopamine agonist)

Front 623

How will octreotide treat growth hormone adenoma

Back 623

Inhib response of anterior pituitary to GHRH

Front 624

Drug that would differentiate central from nephrogenic DI

Back 624

Desmopressin (an ADH analog improve in central but not in nephrogenic)

Front 625

Tumor that can produce ectopic ADH

Back 625

small cell lung CA

Front 626

Drug that blocks effect of ADH

Back 626

Demeclocycline

Front 627

Cause of increase BMR in hyperthyroidism

Back 627

Increases synthesis of Na K ATPase

Front 628

Thyroid hormone increases sympathetic nervous system by

Back 628

Expression of B1 adrenergic receptors

Front 629

HLA asso with hashimoto thyroiditis

Back 629

HLA DR5

Front 630

Anti microsomal antibodies

Back 630

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Front 631

Anti thyroglobulin antibody

Back 631

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Front 632

Hurtle cells

Back 632

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Front 633

Granulomatous thyroiditis following viral infection

Back 633

Subacute (deQuervain) granulomatous thyroiditis

Front 634

Chronic inflammation with extensive fibrosis of thyroid "hard as wood" nontender thyroid

Back 634

Reidel fibrosing thyroiditis

Front 635

Most common type of thyroid carcinoma

Back 635

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Front 636

Major risk factor for apillary carcinoma of thyroid

Back 636

Exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood

Front 637

Orphan annie nuclei cells

Back 637

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Front 638

Malignant proliferation of parafollicular C cells

Back 638

Medullary CA

Front 639

Mutation in Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Back 639

RET oncogene

Front 640

Most common cause of primary hyperPTH

Back 640

Pararhyroid adenoma

Front 641

Non ezymatic glycation of large and medium sized vessels results to

Back 641

Atherosclerosis

Front 642

Cortisol upregulates what receptors in arterioles

Back 642

A1 (causing HTN)

Front 643

3 actions of cortisol in immunodeficiency

Back 643

Dec Phos A2 (no arachidonic acid metabolites)

Inhib IL2 (no more T cell growth factor)

Inhib histamine release in mast cell

Front 644

What tumor causes paraneoplastic ACTH secretion

Back 644

Small cell lung CA

Front 645

Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Back 645

21 B hydroxylase def (which is needed to make aldosterone and cortisol so decrease of the 2 hormones and instead more sex steroids)

Front 646

Enzyme deficiency with inc aldosterone but dec cortisol and sex steroids

Back 646

17 hydroxylase (since this is needed in cortisol and sex steroid synthesis but not needed for aldosterone)

Front 647

Enzyme deficiency with dec aldosterone and cortisol but inc sex steroids

Back 647

21 B hydroxylase (which is needed to make aldosterone and cortisol so decrease of the 2 hormones and instead more sex steroids)

Front 648

Functional unit of breast

Back 648

Terminal duct-lobular unit

Front 649

Ducts and lobules of the breasts are lined by what epithelium

Back 649

Luminal cell layer

Myoepithelial layer

Front 650

Most dense part of the breast

Back 650

Upper outer quadrant of breast

Front 651

Most common cause of acute mastitis

Back 651

S aureus

Front 652

Inflammation of the subareolar ducts, seen in smokers, subareolsr mass woth nipple retraction

Back 652

Periductal mastitis

Front 653

Inflammation with dilatation (ectasia) of subareolar ducts, green brown discharge

Back 653

Mammary duct ectasia

Front 654

How is obesity a risk factor for breast cancer

Back 654

Adipose tissue converts androgen to Estrone (estrogen inc risk of breast cancer)

Front 655

Type of invasive ductal CA of breast with blockage of the dermal lymphatics by cancer

Back 655

Inflammatory CA

Front 656

Good prognosis of the types of invasìve ductal breast CA

Back 656

Tubular CA

Mucinous CA

Front 657

Poor prognosis of the types of invasìve ductal breast CA

Back 657

Medullary CA

Inflammatory CA

Front 658

Subtype of invasive ductal CA asso with BRCA 1 mutation

Back 658

Medullary CA

Front 659

Subtype of invasive ductal CA asso with high grade malignant tumor cells with inflammatory cells in the background (lymphocytes, plasma cells)

Back 659

Medullary CA

Front 660

Malignant tumor of breast usually incidentally discovered and does not produce mass or calcification, often multifocal and bilateral

Back 660

Lobular CA insitu

Front 661

Malignant tumor of breast asso with dyscohesive cells lacking E cadherin

Back 661

Lobular CA insitu

Front 662

Her 2/neu amplification is associated with response to what drug

Back 662

Trastuzumab

Front 663

Her 2/nei is a receptor that is located in what part of the cell

Back 663

Cytoplasm

Front 664

BRCA mutation asso with breast and ovarian CA

Back 664

BRCA1

Front 665

BRCA mutation asso with breast CA in males

Back 665

BRCA2

Front 666

Congenital extension of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

Back 666

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Front 667

Syringomelia usually occurs what part of spinal cord

Back 667

C8-T1 anterior horn

Front 668

Part of the spinal cord affected in poliomyelitis

Back 668

Anterior horn (where neurons to the muscle are located causing lower motor weakness

Front 669

Inherited degeneration of anterior motor horn, presents as "floppy baby"

Back 669

Werdnig Hoffman disease

Front 670

Part of the spinal cord involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Back 670

Anterior motor horn (LMN signs), lateral corticospinal tract (UMN signs)

Front 671

Difference between ALS and syringomyelia

Back 671

Lack of sensory impairment (+ in ALS, - in syringomyelia)

Front 672

Disease caused by unstable trinucleotide repeat (GAA) in frataxin gene

Back 672

Friedreich ataxia

Front 673

Most common site of intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 673

Basal ganglia

Front 674

Most frequent location of berry aneurysm

Back 674

Anterior circle of willis (branch of ACOM)

Front 675

Berry aneurysm lacks what layer of the blood vesel

Back 675

Media layer

Front 676

Berry aneurysm is asso with (2 syndromes)

Back 676

Marfan and ADPCKD

Front 677

Round aggregates of tau protein in neurons of cortex

Back 677

Pick disease

Front 678

Pick disease is a degenerative disease of which part of the brain

Back 678

Frontal and Temporal (spares occipital and parietal)

Front 679

Huntington disease is the degeneration of GABAergic neurons in

Back 679

Caudate nucleus of basal ganglia

Front 680

Expanded trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in huntingtin gene

Back 680

Huntington disease

Front 681

Triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability and dementia (Wet, Wacky, Wabble)

Back 681

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (due to stretching of corona radiata)

Front 682

Most common metastasis to the CNS

Back 682

Lung, breast, kidney CA

Front 683

Malignant high grade tumor of astrocytes

Back 683

Glioblastoma multiforme

Front 684

Butterfly glioma

Back 684

Glioblastoma multiforme (crosses the corpus callosum)

Front 685

Benign tumor of the arachnoid cells

Back 685

Meningioma

Front 686

Tumor that arises usu from CN8 at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA)

Back 686

Schwannoma

Front 687

Schwannoma is positive for what marker

Back 687

S100

Front 688

Fried egg appearance of cells

Back 688

Oligodendroglioma

Front 689

Calcified tumor of the white matter usu involving frontal lobe

Back 689

Oligodendroglioma

Front 690

Most common CNS tumor in children

Back 690

Pilocytic astrocytoma (usu in cerebellum)

Front 691

Rosenthal fibers

Back 691

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Front 692

Malignant tumor from granular cells of cerebellum

Back 692

Medulloblastoma

Front 693

Small round blue cells, Homer Wright rosettes

Back 693

Medulloblastoma

Front 694

Perivascular pseudorosette

Back 694

Ependymoma

Front 695

Tumor from epithelial remnants of Rathke's pouch

Back 695

Craniopharyngioma

Front 696

Bitemporal hemianopsia in child

Back 696

Craniopharyngioma

Front 697

Activating mutation in FGFR3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3), AD

Back 697

Achondroplasia

Front 698

Achondroplasia is due to a mutation in

Back 698

FGFR3 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3),

Front 699

Cause of blue sclera in Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 699

Reflection of choroidal veins

Front 700

Enzyme usu mutated in osteopetrosis

Back 700

Carbonic anhydrase II mutation (dec CA cause decrease H+ cause decrease acidic environment cause decrease resorption of bone)

Front 701

Pigeon breast deformity, frontal bossing, rachitic rosary, bowing of legs

Back 701

Rickets

Front 702

Most common seeding side of osteomyelitis in children

Back 702

Metaphysis

Front 703

Most common seeding side of osteomyelitis in adults

Back 703

Epiphysis

Front 704

Causative bacteria of osteomyelitis in general

Back 704

S aureus

Front 705

Causative bacteria of osteomyelitis in sexually active

Back 705

N gonorrhea

Front 706

Causative bacteria of osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia

Back 706

Salmonella

Front 707

Causative bacteria of osteomyelitis in diabetic or IV drug user

Back 707

Pseudomonas

Front 708

Lytic focus sorrounded by sclerosis on xray of bone

Back 708

Osteomyelitis

Front 709

Bone pain that resolves with aspirin

Back 709

Osteoid osteoma

Front 710

Usual site of osteoblastoma

Back 710

Vertebrae

Front 711

Usual site of osteoid osteoma

Back 711

Cortex of diaphysis

Front 712

Most common benign tumor of bone

Back 712

Osteochondroma

Front 713

Risk factor of osteosarcoma

Back 713

Rb, Paget disease of bone, radiation exposure

Front 714

Usual site of osteosarcoma

Back 714

Metaphysis of long bones (usu distal femur or proximal tibia)

Front 715

Usual site of giant cell tumor of bone

Back 715

Epiphysis of long bones (distal femur or proximal tibia)

Front 716

Soap bubble appearance on bone xray

Back 716

Giant cell tumor

Front 717

Malignant proliferation of poorly differentiated cells derived from neuroectoderm

Back 717

Ewing sarcoma

Front 718

Usual site of Ewing sarcoma

Back 718

Diaphysis of long bones (male children)

Front 719

Gene mutation in Ewing sarcoma

Back 719

t(11:22)

Front 720

Metastatic tumor causing osteoblastic lesions in bone

Back 720

Prostate CA (sclerosis of bone instead of punched out lesions)

Front 721

Chondroma is usually found in

Back 721

Medulla of small bones of hands and feet

Front 722

Chondrosarcoma usually found in

Back 722

Cortex of axial bones

Front 723

Hallmark of Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 723

Synovitis leading to formation of pannus (inflammed granulation tissue)

Front 724

Sausage finger or sausage toe (arthritis of DIP of hands and feet)

Back 724

Psoriatic arthritis

Front 725

Sausage finger or sausage toe (arthritis of DIP of hands and feet)

Back 725

Psoriatic arthritis

Front 726

Most common cause of infectious arthritis over all

Back 726

N gonorrhea (usu young adults)

S aureus is second most common

Front 727

Needle shaped crystals with negative birefringence under polarized light

Back 727

Uric acid crystals

Front 728

Deposition of calcium pyrophosphate

Back 728

Pseudogout

Front 729

Rhomboid shaped crystals with weak positive birefringence under polarized light

Back 729

Paeudo gout

Front 730

Parallel on polarized light is color

Back 730

YeLLow (paraLLel)

Front 731

Heliotrope rash

Back 731

Dermatomyositis (rash upper eyelids)

Front 732

Anti-Jo1 antibody

Back 732

Dermatomyositis

Front 733

Perimysial inflammation with perifascicular atrophy

Back 733

Dermatomyositis

Front 734

Endomysial inflammation with necrotic muscle fibers

Back 734

Polymyositis

Front 735

Replacement of skeletal muscle by adipose tissue

Back 735

X linked muscular dystrophy

Front 736

Calf pseudohypertrophy

Back 736

X linked muscular dystrophy

Front 737

Deletion of dystrophin

Back 737

Duchene muscular dystrophy (Duchene=Deletion)

Front 738

Mutation of dystrophin

Back 738

Becker muscular distrophy

Front 739

Amtibodies against presynptic calcium channels in NMJ, impairs release of Ach

Back 739

Lamber-Eaton syndrome

Front 740

Most common malignant soft tissue tumor in children

Back 740

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 741

Marker for rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 741

Desmin positive

Front 742

Most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 742

Head and neck