Pathoma

Front 1

3 things for hypertrophy to happen

Back 1

1.Gene activation

2.Protein synthesis

3.Production of organelles

Front 2

Physiological hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Back 2

Uterus during pregnancy

Front 3

Only hypertrophy

Back 3

1.Neurons

2.Cardiac myocytes

3.Skeletal muscle

Front 4

Pathological hyperplasia

Back 4

Endometrial hyperplasia

Front 5

Exception for pathological hyperplasia developing into dysplasia and cancer

Back 5

BPH

Front 6

Decrease in cell number occurs via

Back 6

Apoptosis

Front 7

Decrease in cell size occurs via

Back 7

1.Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation pathway

2.Autophagy

Front 8

Barrett oesophagus

Back 8

Metaplasia

Front 9

Change occurring in Barrett

Back 9

Squamous epi to columnar nonciliated mucinous epi

Front 10

Mech for metaplasia

Back 10

Reprogramming of stem cells

Front 11

Exception for progression of metaplasia to dysplasia and cancer

Back 11

Apocrine metaplasia of breasts

Front 12

Metaplasia due to vit A def

Back 12

Keratomalacia

Front 13

Leukemia due to changes in retinoid receptors

Back 13

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Front 14

Rx for APL

Back 14

Al trans retinoic acid

Front 15

Mesenchymal tissue metaplasia eg

Back 15

Myositis ossificans

Front 16

Eg for dysplasia

Back 16

CIN

Front 17

Hypoplasia in Turner

Back 17

Streak ovary

Front 18

Causes of hypoxia (3)

Back 18

1.Ischemia

2.Hypoxemia

3.Decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood

Front 19

Budd Chiari

Back 19

Thrombosis of hepatic vein

Front 20

Most common cause of Budd chiari

Back 20

Polycythemia vera

Front 21

Another cause of budd chiari

Back 21

Lupus (due to Lupus anticoagulant)

Front 22

Partial pressure of O2 for Hypoxemia

Back 22

PaO2 < 60 mm Hg; SaO2 < 90%

Front 23

PaO2-N ; SaO2-N

Back 23

Anemia

Front 24

PaO2-N ; SaO2 - Decreased (2)

Back 24

1.CO Poisoning

2.Methemoglobinemia

Front 25

Common causes of CO poisoning

Back 25

Smoke from fires; exhaust from cars and gas heaters

Front 26

Cherry red skin

Back 26

CO Poisoning

Front 27

Early sign of CO poisoning

Back 27

Headache

Front 28

Form of iron which binds with O2

Back 28

Fe2+

Front 29

Iron in methemoglobinemia

Back 29

Fe3+

Front 30

Drugs causing methemoglobinemia (2)

Back 30

1.sulfa drugs

2.nitrate drugs

Front 31

Cyanotic with chocolate coloured blood

Back 31

Methemeglobinemia

Front 32

Rx of methemoglobinemia

Back 32

IV Methylene blue

Front 33

Initial phase of hypoxic injury

Back 33

Cellular swelling

Front 34

Irreversible damage in hypoxic injury-hallmark?

Back 34

Membrane damage

Front 35

Whr is ETC (electron transport chain)?

Back 35

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 36

Morphologic hallmark of cell death

Back 36

Loss of nucleus

Front 37

Pyknosis

Back 37

Shrinking of nucleus

Front 38

Karyorrhexis

Back 38

Breaking up of nucleus

Front 39

Coag necrosis eg.

Back 39

Ischemic infarction exc in brain

Front 40

Red infarction arises when...

Back 40

Blood re-enters into loosely organized tissue

Front 41

Liquefactive necrosis eg. (3)

Back 41

1.brain infarction

2.abscess

3.pancreatitis

Front 42

Gangrenous necrosis eg.

Back 42

1.ischemia of lower limb

2.Ischemia of GI tract

Front 43

Dry gangrene with superimposed inf

Back 43

Wet gangrene

Front 44

Caseous necrosis..appearance

Back 44

Cottage cheese like

Front 45

Caseous necrosis is a combo of

Back 45

Coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

Front 46

Eg of caseous nec

Back 46

Granulomatous inflammation due to TB or fungal inf

Front 47

Fat nec appearance..

Back 47

Chalky white

Front 48

Fat necrosis eg. (2)

Back 48

1.trauma to fat (eg.breast)

2.peripancreatic fat

Front 49

Eg of dystrophic calcification (2)

Back 49

1.Saponification

2.psammoma bodies

Front 50

Psammoma bodies seen in (3)

Back 50

1.pap ca of thyroid

2.meningiomas

3.pap serous ca of ovary

Front 51

Fibrinoid necrosis occurs to..

Back 51

Blood vessel wall

Front 52

Fibrinoid necrosis on histology

Back 52

Bright pink staining

Front 53

Fibrinoid nec is seen in (2) (eg.)

Back 53

1.malignant htn

2.vasculitis

Front 54

Fibrinoid nec in a 30s female

Back 54

Pre-eclampsia (nec of placenta)

Front 55

Eg of apoptosis (3)

Back 55

1.endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle

2.removal of cells during embryogenesis

3.CD8 mediated killing of virally inf cells

Front 56

Apoptosis is mediated by C...

Back 56

Caspases

Front 57

Caspases activate.. (2)

Back 57

1.Proteases

2.endonucleases

Front 58

3 pathways for activation of caspases

Back 58

1.Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (cytC)

2.Extrinsic receptor(CD95)-ligand(FAS) pathway

3.cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell pathway

Front 59

Molecule stabilising mitochondrial membrane

Back 59

Bcl2

Front 60

Molecules involved in t cell mediated apoptosis (2)

Back 60

1.perforins

2.granzymes