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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four things a frozen section can be used for?
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Present or absence of malignancy
Presence or absence of inflammation/organisms Are surgical margins free of neoplasm Is diagnostic tissue present |
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What stain finds amyloid?
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congo red
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what stain finds collagen?
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tricrhome
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what stain is for lipids?
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oil red O
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What cancers have keratins in them?
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carcinomas, mesotheliomas
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What cancers have desmin then them?
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muscle tumors, both smooth and straited
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what cancers have Vimentin in them?
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mesenchymal tumors
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What cancers have glial filament in them?
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gliomatous tumors
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what cancers have neurofilaments in them?
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neuronal tumors
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What can flow cytometry measure?
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this can identify cell surface antigens, or DNA content of tumor cells
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What are the CDs for T cells?
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1,3,4,5,8
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What are the CD markers for B cells?
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10,19,20,21,23
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What are the CD markers for Monocytoes and Macrophages?
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11,13,14,15
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What are the CD's for NK cells?
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16,56
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What is the CD for Stem cells?
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34
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What is the CD for activation marker?
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30
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what is the CD for all leukocytes?
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45
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What is immunohistochemistry good for?
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Categorizing lymphomas/leukemias
Determining origin of metastatic tumors Detection of molecules that have prognostic and therapeutic significance. |
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What breast cancer gene expression is favorable?
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ER/PR
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What breast cancer gene overexpression is bad?
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Her-2/Neu
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What does flow cytometry measure?
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this measures cells in suspension, and they measure labeled antibodies
fast immunohistochemistry Cell surface antigens, and DNA content!! |
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What kind of ploidy has better prognosis?
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Diploid (normal DNA count) Is good!
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What kind of ploidy has a WORSE prognosis?
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aneuploid- anything other than normal. Bad!!
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What does the S phase fraction represent?
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actively synthesizing DNA. HIGH S phase is BAD!
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WILL BE TESTED: What is the antigen designation (CD) for NK cells
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16 and/or 56
KNOW! |
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What kind of lymphoid neoplasm is BAD, a monoclonal? or polyclonal?
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MONO IS BAD
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What does a Western blot look at?
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protein
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what does a Northern blot look for?
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RNA (the opposite of the original southern blot- which was DNA)
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what does a southern blot look for?
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DNA (the original test- named for mr. southern)
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What is FISH?
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flourescence in situ hybridization
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What is the advantage of FISH?
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this can detect latent infections and subtypes
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what do we use FISH for?
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interphase cytogenetics
(analysis chromosome in NONdividing cells!!) Uses DNA probes |
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What does PCR make?
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this makes millions of copies, of DNA or RNA
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What does a DNA microarray analysis show?
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this shows levels of gene expression of several thousand gees.
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what is proteomics?
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this is charaterization of the protein complement of a cell type- used to detect cancers
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What is the first test for breast cancer?
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Estrogen receptor/ Progesterone receptor (ER/PR)
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What is the difference between malignant and benign blood vessel tumors?
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benign tumors- have vascular channels filled with blood, lining has normal endotheilal cells (well formed channels is normal!)
Malignant- Is NOT well formed, junky tissue, only happens to have blood vessel origin |
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What is a juvenile hemangioma?
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this is the strawberry type-
Found on new borns- and grow rapidly. but these fade by age 7 No need to treat! |
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What is the morphology of a capillary hemangioma?
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few mm to several cm in size
bright red to blue- level with skin surface or elevated NO capsule- just too many capillaries |
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What is a cavernous hemangioma?- what disease is it associated with?
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big channels- still normal vascular tissue.
Special association with occuring in brain stem in Von Hippel- Lindau disease |
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What is a pyogenic granuloma? what do they develop after?
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this is a growing PEDUNCULAR red nodule.
Bleeds easy. 1/3 develop after trauma!! - has edema/chronic inflammation |
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Where are glomus tumors found? what are they? what is the clinical symptom?
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these are PAINFUL smooth muscle cells tumors under the fingernails
Glomus cell makes them up- these are receptors sensitive to temp |
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What is the common name for the nevus flammeus?
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this is the most common form of ectasia- an ordinary birth mark (ectasia are vascular dilations)
just dilated vessels most of these fade |
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What is a port-wine stain? what syndrome is it associated with?
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this is starts on the face of a child, which thickens the surface and has no tendency to fade
ASSOCIATED WITH: lesion of trigeminal nerve distribution- called Sturge-Weber syndrome (they have seizures) |
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What are spider telangiectasis? associated with?
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these are non-neoplastic vascular lesion, that resemble spiders.
A radial, pusitile, that blanches when you push on the center. - Estrongen/ pregnant women |
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What is the genetic pattern of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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this is autosomal dominant transmission
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what is the disease associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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osler weber rendu disease
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What is the distribution of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
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this is present from birth, and widely distributed over skin, mucosa (GI GU Lungs etc)
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What causes Bacillary angiomatosis?
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infectious disease- HIV pts- due to a gram negative bacilli- Bartonella genous
HIV/ Immunocompromised |
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What is Bacillary Angiomatosis?
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this is a non-neoplastic proliferation of capillaries, with inflammation, and a Purple granular material
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What do you treat Bacillary Angiomatosis with?
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tx- macrolides, (erythromycin)
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how does bacillary angiomatosis drive vessel production?
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by increasing VEGF production
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What are the features of chronic/class Kaposi sarcoma?
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Older eastern european/ mediterranean man.
NO HIV Purple/red plaques/nodes- on distal extremities. Increase in size/number over time- remain localized |
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What are the features of Lymphadenopathic kaposi sarcoma? (african)
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this is a very aggressive NON HIV - found in south african children.
few lesions, but agressive |
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What are the features of transplant associated kaposi sarcoma?
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this is an aggressive solid organ transplant associated risk.
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What tumor do most aids pts display?
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Kapsoi sarcoma - found in 1/3 of HIV pts
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What two viruses cause Kapsoi sarcoma?
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HIV and Herpesvirus 8
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What are the morphology features of Late Kaposi sarcoma?
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Plump, spindle shaped stromal cells, with irregular angulated, slit like spaces fill with red cells
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What is this?
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Kaposi Sarcoma- Note the slit like spaces between spindle cells- filled with red cells
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What is an angiosarcoma?
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a malignant tumor or endothelial neoplasms.
these invade and spread |
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What 3 things are associated with hepatic angiosrcoma?
KNOW FOR TEST |
Arsenic
Thorotrast - (contrast medium) PVC - (dry cleaning solvent) |
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What are the two malignant blood vessel tumors
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hemangiopericytoma
and angiosarcoma (know the hepatic's causes!!) |
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What disease is a cavernous lymphangioma associated with?
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this is comes with Turners syndrome- found at base of neck
note: between angioma/lymphangioma, lymph tissues dont have any blood vessels! |
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What is associated with lymphangiosarcoma?
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Post surgery, common after radical mastectomy.
blocked lymph channels- can lead to anaplastic changes |
