Pathology Test 3 Neoplasia 2

Front 1

What organs usually become cancerous in children?

Back 1

organs that are growing, Bone, Blood, Brain

(leukemia and CNS tumors)

Front 2

What are the 3 most common cancers in MEN?

Back 2

Prostate-> Lung-> Colon

Front 3

What are the 3 most common cancers in Women?

Back 3

Breast-> Lung-> Colon

Front 4

What are the 3 most common causes of cancer death in men?

Back 4

Lung-> Prostate-> colon

Front 5

What are the 3 most common causes of cancer deaths in Women?

Back 5

Lung-> breast-> colon/rectum

Front 6

What is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both men and women?

Back 6

Lung cancers

Front 7

What cancer is most common in japan?

Back 7

stomach cancer

Front 8

What cancer is most common in arizona?

Back 8

melanoma

Front 9

what cancer is most common in subsaharan africa?

Back 9

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 10

What cancer is most common in eastern asia/africa?

Back 10

hepatocellular cancer

Front 11

What 5 cancers are associated with Alcohol?

Back 11

Oropharynx, Larynx, Esophagus, Hepatocellular secondary to cirrhosis,

Toxic going in, Toxic going out

Front 12

What are the 3 main classes of things that cause cancer?

Back 12

Radiation, Chemicals, Viruses

Front 13

What kind of cancers (6) are common with Tobacco?

Back 13

Lip/ mouth/oropharynx
Larynx/Lungs
Esophagus
Pancreas**
Urinary Tract
Cervix

Front 14

LIKELY TO BE TESTED, 3 MAIN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL?

Back 14

Oropharynx
Larynx
Esophagus

Front 15

What kind of cancer associated with tobacco smoke will likely be on the test?

Back 15

Uterine cervical cancer!

Front 16

What 3 cancers are UV rays associated with?

Back 16

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell Carincoma
Malignant melanoma

Front 17

What UV wavelength is implicated with UV damage?

Back 17

UV-B (and some UV-A)

Front 18

Where is arsenic found, and what caners?

Back 18

found in orchards
causes LUNG cancer mostly, skin, angiosarcoma

Front 19

What is the main cancer asbestos causes?

Back 19

Lung cancer

Front 20

Where is benzene found? what cancers does it cause?

Back 20

this found in gasoline

causes leukemia/lymphoma

Front 21

where is beryllium found? what cancers?

Back 21

found in metal industry

cause lung

Front 22

where is ethylene oxide found? what cancer

Back 22

used to ripen fruit

cause leukemia

Front 23

where are napthylamines found? what cancer?

Back 23

these are found in rubber industry

bladder cander

Front 24

what cancer is radon assocatied with?

Back 24

lung cancer- radon gas

Front 25

where is vinyl chloride found? what cancer?

Back 25

hard plastics

causes angiosarcoma

Front 26

How does inflammation affect your odds for cancer?

Back 26

local inflammation increases cancer odds.
Cytokines stimulate cell growth
and inflammation generates ROS (which damage DNA)

Front 27

What 3 cancers are people more likely to develop if they have Gum disease?

Back 27

MOSTLY panceratic, Kidney, and blood

Front 28

What is the order of plasia's in the bronchial epithelium from smoking?

Back 28

Hyperplasia-> metaplasia-> dysplasia

Front 29

Do benign tumors become malignant?

Back 29

rarely ever do they become malignant

only if they are large, or long standing

Front 30

With regards to genetics of cancer, what are the two main classes of cancer?

Back 30

Familial- inhereited predisposition

Sporadic- due to new mutations

Front 31

With familial cancer syndromes, how do they display in relatives

Back 31

they tend to cluster, with 2 or more relatives of index case

Front 32

With familial cancer syndromes what kind of genes tend to be affected?

Back 32

Tumor suppressor genes

Front 33

What percent of cancers are due to inherited mutations in 'cancer genes'?

Back 33

less than 10 percent.

Front 34

What are the tendencies of people who have famailia cancer syndromes, how many cancers do they get, and where are they?

Back 34

These cancers tend to be bilateral, multiple location.

Also more likely to get multiple cancers

Front 35

What percent of breast cancer is due to familial cancer?

Back 35

about 10%

Front 36

What are the genes/gene category implied in breast cancer predisopsiton

Back 36

BRCA1 and BRCA2

these are tumor suppressors, involved in transcription regulation

Front 37

What is Knudson's two hit theory?

Back 37

One defective copy is inherited, and then a 2nd copy is lost by mutation-> which is the malignant transformation

Front 38

What gene causes Retinoblastoma?

Back 38

RB

Front 39

What gene causes FAP?

Back 39

APC

Front 40

What gene causes MEN? (marfanoid habitus w/ganglioneuromas of tongue)

Back 40

RET gene

Front 41

What gene cause neurofibromatosis?

Back 41

NF-1 (this is a tumor suppressor gene)

shows as- Lisch nodules in eye, cafe au lait spots, and neurofibromas that are each at risk for transformation

Front 42

What four diseases are attributed to double autosomal recessive inheritance?

Back 42

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Ataxia telangiaectasia

Bloom syndrome

Falconi's anemia

Front 43

What is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum?

Back 43

NER (nucleotide excision repair)

UVB damage causes pyrimidine dimers of DNA

Front 44

What gene causes Ataxia telangiectasia?

Back 44

ATM,
this normally repairs damaged DNA, sensitive to radiation.

These pts. get leukemia

Front 45

What gene causes Bloom syndrome?

Back 45

BLM gene.

Front 46

What are the three main classes of carcinogenic agents?

Back 46

chemicals
Radiation
Microbes/viruses

Front 47

What is an initiator?

Back 47

this causes DNA damage- which is permanent

Front 48

What is a promoter?

Back 48

this causes cell growth, (but promoter effects are reversible)

Front 49

With regards to promoters, and initiators- how is time relation important?

Back 49

Initiator must come first,
then promoter must come at regular intervals

Front 50

What is the signature mutation for benzyopyrene? (tobacco smoke)

Back 50

P53 mutation

Front 51

What is the hallmark mutation for chemical exposure?

Back 51

this mutates RAS/ point mutations

Front 52

How does cyclophosphamide cause cancer?

Back 52

this is a direct acting agent, that alkyates DNA directly

Front 53

How do polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, amides, and nitrosamines cause cancer?

Back 53

these are indirect, they are metabolized into cancerous products by the liver

Front 54

How does Benzopyrene cause cancer?

Back 54

this is indirect, comes from tobacco smoke.
this is metabolized by P450 into something toxic (LUNG CANCER)

Front 55

How does vinyl chloride cause cancer? what cancer

Back 55

this acts indrectly.

causes angiosarcoma of the liver

Front 56

How does aflatoxin B1 cause cancer? wheres it found? what mutation?

Back 56

This acts indrectly- comes from aspergillus flavus.

-P53 signature mutation

Front 57

What is the cancer initiator in cigarette smoke?

Back 57

Benzoapyrene (P53 mutation)

Front 58

What is the promoter in cigarette smoke?

Back 58

multiple irritants

Front 59

how does alcohol contribute to cacrinogenesis?

Back 59

alcohol is a promoter

Front 60

Are nitrosamines potent carcinogens?

Back 60

yes they are

Front 61

Are aromatic hydrocabons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines potent carcinognes?

Back 61

yes they are

Front 62

What type of virus is HTLV-1?

Back 62

this is an RNA Retrovrius like HIV

Front 63

What cancer is associated with HTLV-1 infection?

Back 63

this causes T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
(CD4 tropic- like HIV)

Front 64

What gene does HTLV-1 Use to make cancer? How?

Back 64

this produces the TAX gene, which cause polyclonal expansion, by TAX which promotes genetic instability.

So rapidly dividing cells with unstable DNA

Front 65

What neoplasm is related to HPV?

Back 65

sqamous cell carcinomas

Front 66

How does HPV cause oncogenesis?

Back 66

E2 viral repressor is lost, which leads to an overexpression of E6 and E7

Front 67

What does E6 do after HPV causes its over expression?

Back 67

E6 inactivates p53, degrades BAX, And activates telomerease

MAIN: KNOCKS OUT P53

Front 68

What does E7 after HPV causes its over expression?

Back 68

this binds to RB (inhibiting it)- promoting progression of the cell cycle

Front 69

What cancer is caused by EBV?

Back 69

Burkitts lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed (aids pts)
Hodgkin/lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Front 70

What kinds of cells does EBV infect? via what?

Back 70

This infect B lymphoctyes via CD21

Front 71

What does EBV's LMP-1 do?

Back 71

this activates NF-kB and Jak/Stat,
activates BCL-2
activates CD40 receptor for t cells

(prosurvival, and antiapoptotic)

Front 72

What does EBV's EBNA-2 do?

Back 72

mimics Notch receptor, activates cyclin D

Front 73

What does EBV's vIL-10 do?

Back 73

this prevents activation of cytotoxic T cells
(anti-inflammatory, viral IL-10)

Front 74

What are the clinical features of African Burkitt lymphoma? genetics?

Back 74

This causes maxilla cancer.
Involves an t8:14 translocation - MYC translocation
during proliferation of B cells

Front 75

What are the clinical features of EBV nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Back 75

EBV viral gene is in the tumor

causes neoplasms of monocolonal squamous cells

Front 76

What disease is hepatitis B and C associated with?

Back 76

hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 77

what kind of virus is hep C?

Back 77

and RNA virus

Front 78

what kind of virus is hep B?

Back 78

a DNA virus

Front 79

How do Hep B/C lead to cancer?

Back 79

Ongoing viral replication kills hepatocytes, which then releases Cytokines via immune response.
Disruption of growth from cytokines and Hep B/C leads to genetic mistakes in regenerating cells

Front 80

What do the cytokines released in the liver due to Hep B/C infection, do to hepatocytes?

Back 80

this stimulates growth, angiogenesis, activation of NF-kB which blocks apoptosis

Front 81

What environmental agent is implicated with Hep B in inducing cancer?

Back 81

Aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus

Front 82

What does Hepatitis B's Viral X protein do?

Back 82

this binds P53, causes activation of growth factors

Front 83

What two viruses work together to make Kaposi sarcoma?

Back 83

HIV- (infects CD4+ cells)
human herpies virus 8- (infect mesenchymal cells)

Front 84

What is Kaposi sarcoma?

Back 84

a neoplasim of blood vessels or vessel forming mesenchyme

Front 85

What two cancers are associated with H. pylori?

Back 85

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach

and Gastric Lymphoma of MALT

Front 86

What two non cancerous diseases does H pylori cause?

Back 86

Duodenal ulcers,
and chronic gastritis

Front 87

What H pylori gene causes gastric adenocarcinoma?

Back 87

CagA gene

Front 88

What is Cachexia?

Back 88

this is a wasting syndrome- loss of fat/lean muscle, with profound weakness.

Front 89

What tumor agents cause Cachexia?

Back 89

PIF- proteolysis inducing factor
LMF- lipid mobilizing factor?

Front 90

What does Lipid Mobilizing factor do? (trick question!!)

Back 90

this increases fatty acid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Front 91

What does PIF + Cytokines do in cancer cachexia?

Back 91

this causes activation of ubuiquitin-proteosome pathway. degrades muscle

Front 92

What are some early signs of cancer?

Back 92

10% weight loss without diet
Low cholesterol
Fatigue
Loss of appetitie
Anemia
Edema

Front 93

What is Paraneoplastic syndrome?

Back 93

this is where the tumor is not in an endocrine gland, but causes distant endocrine effects

Front 94

Why is paraneoplastic syndrome important?

Back 94

my precede tumor detection
may be lethal

Front 95

What is myasthenic syndrome/ Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

Back 95

this is antibody mediated progressive muscle weakness.
This is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancers

Front 96

What is Acanthosis Nigricans? associated with what tumors?

Back 96

this is a paraneoplastic syndrome- with gray-black pigment production in skin fold areas.

Associated with gastric cancers strongly

Front 97

Do serum tumor markers make the diagnosis?

Back 97

NO they do not, these are screening tests

Front 98

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CEA

Back 98

Colon cancer

Front 99

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? Alpha-fetoprotein

Back 99

Liver and testicular cancer

Front 100

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? Beta-HCG

Back 100

choriocarcinoma (malignancy of germ cells or placenta)

Front 101

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? PSA

Back 101

prostate

Front 102

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? VMA, HVA, NSE

Back 102

Neuroblastoma- these look like neurotransmitter breakdown products

Front 103

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CA-15-3

Back 103

Breast cancer

Front 104

What cancer is this tumor marker associated with? CA-125

Back 104

ovarian cancer

Front 105

flash

Back 105

card