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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anaplasia:
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cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are malignant
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biologic response modifier (BRM) therapy
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use of agents or treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the host to provide a therapeutic benefit
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brachytherapy:
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delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants
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cancer:
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a disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment surrounding the cells
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carcinogenesis:
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process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
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chemotherapy:
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use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction
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control:
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containment of the growth of cancer cells
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cure:
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prolonged survival and disappearance of all evidence of disease so that the patient has the same life expectancy as anyone else in his or her age group
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cytokines:
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substances produced by cells of the immune system to enhance production and functioning of components of the immune system
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dysplasia:
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bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue
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extravasation:
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leakage of medication from the veins into the subcutaneous tissues
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grading:
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identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin
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graft-versus-host disease (GVHD):
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an immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipient's tissues (skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver); an undesirable response
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graft-versus-disease effect:
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the donor cell response against the malignancy; a desirable response
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hyperplasia:
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increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with periods of rapid body growth
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malignant:
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having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer
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metaplasia:
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conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
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metastasis:
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spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites
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myelosuppression:
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suppression of the blood cell–producing function of the bone marrow. Most chemotherapeutic agents cause myelosuppression
Causes Anemia(Tx Procrit or Epogen), neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia( Tx Neumega). |
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nadir:
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lowest point of white blood cell depression after therapy that has toxic effects on the bone marrow
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neoplasia:
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uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand
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neutropenia:
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abnormally low absolute neutrophil count
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oncology:
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field or study of cancer
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palliation:
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relief of symptoms associated wirelief of symptoms associated with cancerth cancer
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radiation therapy:
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use of ionizing radiation to interrupt the growth of malignant cells
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the oral tissues, often associated with some chemotherapeutic agents
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staging:
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process of determining the size and spread, or metastasis, of a tumor
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targeted therapies:
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cancer treatments that seek to minimize the negative effects on healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions such as malignant transformation, communication pathways, processes for growth and metastasis, and genetic coding
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thrombocytopenia:
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decrease in the number of circulating platelets; associated with the potential for bleeding
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tumor-specific antigen (TSA):
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protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type
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vesicant:
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substance that can cause tissue necrosis and damage, particularly when extravasated
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xerostomia:
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dry oral cavity resulting from decreased function of salivary glands
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Carcinogenic Agents and Factors
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Viruses and bacteria
Physical factors: sunlight, radiation, chronic irritation Chemical Agents: tobacco, asbestos Genetic and familiam factors Diet Hormones Role of the immune system |
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Metastasis
Lymphatic |
the transport of tumor cells through the lymphatic circulation is the most common mechanism of metastasis
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Metastasis
Hematogenous |
Hematogenous spread is the dissemination of malignant cells via the bloodstream. Hematogenous spread is directly related to the vascularity of the tumor
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Metastasis
Angiogenesis |
Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from the host tissue by the release of growth factors and enzymes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
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Primary Cancer prevention
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Reduces cancer risk in healthy people
Avoid Known carcinogens Lifestyle and dietary changes Public and pt education |
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Secondary Prevention
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Detection and screening to acheive early dx and prevention
ID pts at higher risk Cancer screening Public and pt education |
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Steps of Metastasis
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Extension to surrounding tssues
Blood vessel penatration Release of Tumor cells Invasion Local Seeding Bloodborne metstasis Lymphatic Spread |
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Cells are most vulnerable to the disruptive effects of radiation
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bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, hair cells, and gonads.
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Tumor staging
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classfies clinical aspects (size)of the cancer and detrmines exact location and degree of metastasis at dx
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Tumor Grading
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calssifies tumor cells by type of tissue or differ from original cell
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Aim of Cancer tx
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Surgery to remove
Stimulation of Immune System Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy |
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Side effects of radiation
(Vary according to site) |
Local Skin changes + hair loss
Altered tast sensations Fatigue r/t increased energy demands Inflammatory responces |
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extravasation
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Absence of blood return from the intravenous catheter
Resistance to flow of intravenous fluid Swelling, pain, or redness at the site |
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Side effects of Chemotherapy
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Alopecia
N/V Mucositosis Skin Chnages Anxiety,sleep disturbances |
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Zofran
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Dose: 4-8mg q 8
Onset: 30-60min (Oral) Immediate (IV) Duration: 1.7-2.2 hours (oral) Infusion time (IV) |
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Hematopoietic Drugs
overview |
Promote the synthesis of various types of major blood components by promoting growth or differentiation, amd function of their precursor cells in the bone marrow
Produced by rDNA technology |
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Hematopoietic Drugs
use |
decrease the duration of chemotherapy induced anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Enable higher doses of chemotherapy to be given |
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Hematopoietic Drugs
administration |
all weight based
Check all lab perameters |
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Neutropenia
(caused by mylosupression) |
ecreased WBC
Decreasded resistance to microorganisms Tx Neupogen or Neulasta |
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Neutropenic Percautions
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No raw fruit/vegetables
No ice/tap water No fresh flowers or plants No rectal temp Avoid IM injections/invasive procedures Wear mask before entering pt room Pt wears mask when leaving room Wash hands before and after contact |
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Tumor Lysis Syndrome
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Large numbers of Tumor cells are destroyed rapidly, resulting in intracellular contents being released into the bloodstream faster than the body can eliminate them
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Risk Factors
Breast Cancer |
Advanced age
Prolonged hormonal stimulation Heredity Alcohol intakr working at night Extrmes in weight Fat intake |
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Early signs
Beast Cancer |
Painless lunp
Mammography changes |
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Lat signs
Breast cancer |
Nipple d/c
Asymetyry, dimpling Orange peal appearance Ulceration Metastases |
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Breast cancer prognosis depends on
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Size of tumor
extension to chest wall/skin axillary lymph nodes tumor matted/mobile metastasis |
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Tamoxifen
Indicated |
tx of axillary node neg breast ca in women following masectomy , axillary dissection and breast irradiation
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Tumor staging
T N M |
T- the extent of the primary tumor
N- Absence or presance of reg node involvemtn M- metastisis |
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T - primary tumor
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Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor Tis:Ca in situ T1,T2,T3,T4: increasing in size and or local extent of the tumor |
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N-regonal lymph nodes
M-Metastisi |
same as "t" except no "is"
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adjuvant chemotherapy
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use of anticancer medications in addition to other treatments (i.e., surgery, radiation) to delay or prevent a recurrence of the disease
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aromatase inhibitors
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medications that block the production of estrogens by the adrenal glands
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atypical hyperplasia
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abnormal increase in the number of cells in a specific area within the ductal or lobular areas of the breast; this abnormal proliferation increases the risk for cancer
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benign proliferative breast disease
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various types of atypical, yet noncancerous, breast tissue that increase the risk for breast cancer
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brachytherapy
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form of partial breast radiation in which a radioactive source is placed within the lumpectomy site
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BRCA-1 and BRCA-2
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genes on chromosome 17 that, when damaged or mutated, place a woman at greater risk for breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer compared with women who do not have the mutation
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breast conservation treatment
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surgery to remove a breast tumor and a margin of tissue around the tumor without removing any other part of the breast; may or may not include lymph node removal and radiation therapy
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estrogen and progesterone receptor assay
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test to determine whether the breast tumor is nourished by hormones; this information helps in determining prognosis and treatment
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fibrocystic breast changes
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term used to describe certain benign changes in the breast, typically associated with palpable nodularity, lumpiness, swelling, or pain
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lymphedema
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chronic swelling of an extremity due to interrupted lymphatic circulation, typically from an axillary lymph node dissection
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Paget disease
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form of breast cancer that begins in the ductal system and involves the nipple, areola, and surrounding skin
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