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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is used to measure a food's caloric content?
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Calorimeter
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What is the primary site of ATP production?
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Mitochondria
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Is condensation an anabolic or catabolic process?
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Anabolic
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What is released as a by-product of condensation?
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Water
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Is hydrolysis an anabolic or catabolic process?
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Catabolic
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What is the name of the process where a large molecule is broken apart with the addition of water?
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Hydrolysis
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What is the name of the process where two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
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Condensation
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What is released when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
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Water
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What is it called when a phosphate group is added to a compound?
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Phosphorylation
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What two things can happen to glucose once it is phosphorylated?
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(1) Oxidized for energy
or (2) Stored as glycogen |
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What are non-protein substances necessary for enzyme activity?
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Coenzymes
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What mediates chemical reactions?
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Enzymes
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FAD, FADH2, and vitamins function as what?
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Coenzymes
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What are (typically minerals) required for enzyme activity?
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Cofactors
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Iron, magnesium, and zinc function as what?
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cofactors
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What form is glucose converted to, before it can be stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue?
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Fatty acids
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Where can fructose and galactose be converted to glucose?
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The liver
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Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic reaction?
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Anaerobic reaction
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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The cytosol
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What is pyruvate used to make in the absence of oxygen?
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Lactate
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What is pyruvate used to make in the presence of oxygen?
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Acetyl CoA
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Where is glucose converted to pyruvate, and then to lactate?
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In the muscles
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Glucogenic amino acids can be used to make what?
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Pyruvate
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Ketogenic amino acids can be used to make what?
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Acetyl CoA
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Triglycerides are broken down to 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids by what?
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Lipase
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Where do fatty acids go after lipase breaks down a triglyceride molecule?
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The bloodstream
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What shuttles fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane?
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Carnitine
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What must fatty acids be activated by before they can cross the mitochondrial membrane?
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Coenzyme A
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Long-chain fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon segments to form what?
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Acetyl CoA
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What are fatty acids attached to when transported to cells in need of energy?
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Albumin
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What is the name of the process that converts fatty acids to Acetyl CoA?
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Beta-oxidation
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What does TCA Cycle stand for?
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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Why can fatty acids not be converted into glucose?
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Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA, but there is no metabolic pathway that can convert acetyl CoA to pyruvate, then to glucose.
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What are ketones by-products of?
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Fat catabolism
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What is it called when ketones inappropriately lower blood pH?
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Ketosis
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What is it called when ketones lower blood pH substantially, resulting in severe dehydration?
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Ketoacidosis
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Acetoacetate is also known as what?
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Ketone bodies
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Ketone bodies are also known as what?
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Acetoacetate
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Inadequate oxaloacetate results in what?
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Blocked entry of acetyl CoA into the TCA cycle
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What can acetoacetate (ketone bodies) be broken down further into?
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Acetone, and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
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When does the body utilize proteins for energy?
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When total energy or carbohydrate intake is low
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What is the first step in the use of proteins for energy, and why is it necessary?
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Proteolysis
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What happens to excess dietary protein?
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Used for energy or stored as triglycerides
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What process converts amino acids to keto acids?
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Deamination
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What are the products of proteolysis?
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(1) Amino acids and
(2) small peptides |
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What is used to oxidize alcohol? Where?
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Enzymes
in the Liver |
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What is it called when a small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach, before being absorbed into the bloodstream?
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First-pass metabolism
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What does Gastric ADH do?
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Reduces alcohol absorption
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Where does excess alcohol go that is not being processed by the liver?
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Into the blood stream
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What does the liver do to alcohol?
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Oxidizes it
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What molecule is common to CHO, lipid, protein, and alcohol metabolism?
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Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
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What 3 enzymes oxidize alcohol?
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(1) Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
(2) Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (3) Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) |
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Where does lipogenesis mostly occur?
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Liver cells
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What is the primary anabolic hormone?
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Insulin
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What are the 3 catabolic hormones?
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Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
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What metabolic state is the hormone glucagon used in?
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Fasted
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What metabolic state is the hormone epinephrine used in?
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Exercise
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What metabolic state is the hormone cortisol used in?
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Stress
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What metabolic state is the hormone insulin used in?
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Fed
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What hormone is used in the metabolic state of exercise?
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Epinephrine
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Most cells can switch to using what as fuel to conserve glucose?
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Fatty acids
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What becomes the primary source of fuel in response to starvation?
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Fatty acids
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In response to starvation, what do the brain cells start to use as fuel?
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Ketone bodies
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In response to starvation, what do muscle proteins supply?
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Glucose
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