Nur 103 Final Exam

Front 1

Atrophy

Back 1

A wasting decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Front 2

Contracture

Back 2

fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents a normal movement of a tissue joint

Front 3

hypertrophy

Back 3

An increase of size in an organ or sturcture, or of the body, owing to growth rather then tumor formation.

Front 4

myalgia

Back 4

pain or tenderness in the muscle

Front 5

Range of Motion

Back 5

the amount of excursion through which a joint can move measured in which a joint can in a degrees in a circle

Front 6

Ataia

Back 6

Lack of muscle control

Front 7

Flaccid

Back 7

relaxed

Front 8

Tense

Back 8

Tight or ridged

Front 9

Tone

Back 9

State of a body or any of its organs or parts in which the function healthy and normal, the resistance of muscles to passive elongation or stretch

Front 10

Traction

Back 10

drawing or pulling

Front 11

Two types of systems in our body?

Back 11

1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular System

Front 12

How many bones are in our body and when is both growth compleated by?

Back 12

1. 206 bones
2. 20 years old

Front 13

Bones help do what with the body?

Back 13

1. Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments needed for movement (working elements of movement)
2. Body's supporting framework
3. Bones are living organs

Front 14

4 types of bones

Back 14

Long
short
flat
irregular

Front 15

long bones

Back 15

femur-contributes to height and length

Front 16

short bones

Back 16

Perits movement of extremities and are clustered

Front 17

Flat

Back 17

structural contour ribs such as skull, ribs, throax, provide structural contour

Front 18

Irregular

Back 18

Vertebral column some bones of the skull

Front 19

What is the functon of the skeletal system?

Back 19

Protects vital organs, stores calcium, also participates in blood cell production (RBC)

Front 20

Joints

Back 20

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.

Front 21

4 Classifications of joints

Back 21

1. Synostotic
2. Cartilaginous
3. Fibrous
4. Synovial

Front 22

Synostotic joints

Back 22

Bones are joined to bones, no movement, sacrum

Front 23

Cartilaginous joints

Back 23

Little movement but is elastic and uses cartilage to unite body surfaces. Are found when bones are exposed to constant pressure

Front 24

Fibrous joints

Back 24

A joint in which two bony surfaces are united by a ligament or membrane

Front 25

Synovial Joints

Back 25

Freely moveable; Continguous bony surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and connected by ligaments lined with a synovial membrane

Front 26

Ligaments

Back 26

White, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissue binding joints together and conecting bones and cartilages; are elastic and aid flexibility and support; ome have protective funtion

Front 27

Tendons

Back 27

White, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone storng, flexible, inelastic

Front 28

Cartilage

Back 28

No vascular, supoorted CT in joints and in your thoraz trachea larynx nose and ears.

Front 29

Muscular system

Back 29

Produce movement, maintain body posture, regenerate the heat required for maintaining a constant core body temp.

Front 30

skeletal muscular ststem

Back 30

working elements of movement, muscles are made up of a group of fibers that conract when stimulated by an impulse, muscles associated with maintaining posture are short and featherlike in appearance becaue they converge at a common tendon, movement and posture are reguated by the Nervous system.

Front 31

Pathological influences on mobility

Back 31

1. Postural abnormalities-can cause pain, impaired alignment or mobiltiy or both

2. Impaired muscle develop-injury and disease; muscular dystorphy

3. Damage to the central nervous system, impaired body alignment, balance, and mobility

4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system-bruises, contusions, sprains, fractures

Front 32

Postural abnormalities

Back 32

Affect the efficiency of the musculoskeletal system
Affects body alignment, balalnce ,and appearance

The nurse observes for body alignment and ROM

Can cause pain

Physical therapy may be needed

Impaired muscle development

Front 33

Damage to the CNS

Back 33

Motor strip in brain can be damaged

Trauma (head injury)

Stroke

Infection-meningitis

Front 34

Direct trauma to musculoskeletal system

Back 34

Can result in bruises, sprains and fractures

Functions of the skeletal system

Protect vital organs

Aid in calcium regulation

store calcium and release into circulation as needed

Bone marrow

Participate in RBC formation

Reservoir for blood

Front 35

Musculoskeletal System

Back 35

The assessment of this stystme focuses on determining range of motion ROM muscle strength and tone, and joint and muscle conditions.

Assessment especially important when patient complains of pain or loss of function in a muscle or joint

As soon as someone wals in you assess them

Frequently the musculoskeletal problems manifest from a nervous system disorder

Front 36

Equipment needed for Musculoskeletal system

Back 36

Tape measure
Ganango meter (measure joint movements and angles)

Front 37

Inspection

Back 37

When the patient walks into the room, the nurse observes his gait and the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of the patient's posture.

The gait is mor normal when he is unaways that he is being observed

Have patient walk in straight line away from you then return-note wear of shoes

watch for foot dragging, limping, huffling, and the of the trunk in relation to the legs

Arms are usually swung freely at sides with head and fafe leading body

The older adult usually walks with smaller steps and a wider base.

Toddlers have a wider base of support when hey are learning to walk

Front 38

Abnormal Postural Changes

Back 38

Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Osteoorosis
DJD

Front 39

Kyphosis

Back 39

Increase convexity in spine in the posteriod curve of th ethoracic spine, giving rie to the condition commonly known as humback, hunchback, or potts curvature. A permenent curing of th spine that makes somebody look hunched over

Front 40

Lordosis

Back 40

Abnomal exaggeration of convexity (curved evenly) of the lumbar spine-pregnant women and unsual inward curving of the spine in the lower part of the back, which may be medically significant

Front 41

Scoliosis

Back 41

A lateral curvature of the spine

Front 42

Osteoporosis

Back 42

Loss of bone that occurs throughout the skeleton, predisposing patients to fracures.

Front 43

DJD

Back 43

Osteoarthritis-progressive cartilage degeneration in sinovia joints and vertebrae (joint disease)

Front 44

Osteoporosis

Back 44

First sign is loss of height. White asians north american blonde or red hair with freckles famiy history mnopause before age of 45 constant dieting diabetes drugs that decreae bone density, smoking heavy alcohol use calcium intake of less then 500 mg a day.

Occurs in trunk as a result of vertebral frature and collapse

Is a metabolic bone disease that causes a decrease in quality and quantity of bone

With aging osteoporotic fractures of the wrist, hips and vertebrae are likely

Front 45

Importance of Muscles

Back 45

with aging muscle mass is loss
Gross hypertrophy, atrophy
Fasciculations, and spasms
Size shoul be symmetrical
Normal standing posture is an upright stance with parallel alignment of the hips and shoulders

Even contour of shoulders level scapula and iliac creast alignemnt of head over gluteal folds and symmetry of eextremities

Normal cervical throacic and lumbar curve

head erect

when the patien sits where is some degree of rounding of th shouders

older adults may have a stooped forward ben posture with the hips and knees some what flexed and arms bent at elbows raising the level of the arms

Look at extremities for over all size gros deformity bony enlargemnt symmetry and alignement

There should be bilateral symmetry in length circulation, alignment and position and in the number of skin folds

Front 46

What should you measure?

Back 46

Arm Lengths
Leg Lengths

Front 47

Palpation

Back 47

Apply gentle palpation to all bones muscles and joints

Note heat, tenderness, edema, or resistance to presure. The client should feel no dis comfort when palpation is applied

Muscles should be firm

Put each joint throgh passive and active ROM

Do not fore the joint if there is pain or muscle spasm

Note pain limited mobility, spastic movement, joint instability, stiffness and contracture.

Normal joints should be non tender without reness and swelling. They should move freely

Front 48

What is a Goniomenter

Back 48

Measures precise degree of motion in a joint

Front 49

What is tone?

Back 49

Slight muscular resistance flet by examiner as the relazed joint is move through its ROM

Front 50

What is muscle strength?

Back 50

The patient performs maneuvers emonstrating strenght of major muscle groups; Ask patient to flex muscles

Front 51

Specific joints and muscles

Back 51

TMJ
Cervical spine
Thoracic and lumbar spine
shoulders
elbows
hands and wrists
hips
legs and knees
feet and ankle

Front 52

Additional Procedures

Back 52

Limb measurement
Knee assesment
Hip replacement

Front 53

Education:

Back 53

Correct postural alignment
Insturct about proper exercise program esp elderly

calcium intake to meet daily allowance

back support device

instruct on use of assistive devices for those with self car deficit

Documentation

Give me examples

Steady posture erect symmetry