Nres 348-Test 1 Material

Front 1

What is the difference between fish, fishes, and fishery?

Back 1

Fish: single species, fishes: more than one species, fishery: a system that includes the fish (or fishes), habitat, & human users

Front 2

In modern usage, both wildlife and fish(es) include species or systems that involve _____________ & ________________use by humans

Back 2

consumptive & non-consumptive

Front 3

Management

Back 3

the manipulation of populations or habitats to achieve specific goals or endpoints

Front 4

What are the two general types of wildlife management?

Back 4

custodial & manipulative

Front 5

Custodial management

Back 5

preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat.

Front 6

Manipulative management

Back 6

acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease

Front 7

What are goals of management?

Back 7

change a population size, harvest population for continuing yield, or leave t alone & monitor

Front 8

Ecology

Back 8

the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment

Front 9

Management order (general to specific)

Back 9

Biology to Ecology to Management

Front 10

Life History

Back 10

traits that describe the life cycle of an organism (birth, maturation, reproduction, death)

Front 11

Conservation vs Preservation

Back 11

sustainable management and use of natural resources vs leaving natural systems or resources as they are

Front 12

Ecosystem Management

Back 12

an approach to maintaining or restoring the composition, structure, & function of natural & modified ecosystems for the goal of long-term stability

Front 13

Adaptive Resource Management (ARM)

Back 13

implies making decisions as part of an on-going process (includes assessment & monitoring)

Front 14

Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem

Back 14

one of the most economically important ecosystems in N America & one of most important for biodiversity

Front 15

Where is there good evidence that humans lead to a decline of megafauna?

Back 15

New Zealand

Front 16

What are the four essential quantities needed to accurately estimate the population dynamics of a population?

Back 16

births, deaths, immigration, emmigration

Front 17

What US president is thought to have had started the conservation movement?

Back 17

Teddy Roosevelt

Front 18

What is the basic unit of fish and wildlife management?

Back 18

population

Front 19

What is CRP?

Back 19

Conservation Reserve PRogram

Front 20

What is the Watershed Address for UofI?

Back 20

Boneyard, Saline, Salt Fork, Vermillion, Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi, Gulf

Front 21

Which is the largest river based on watershed area?

Back 21

Amazon River

Front 22

What term describes fish migration between oceans and streams?

Back 22

anadromy

Front 23

Fisheries management has long been an effort to...

Back 23

balance the “supply & demand” of fish

Front 24

What are the four H's of fishery management? What do they do?

Back 24

Harvest, Habitat, Hydropower, & Hatchery; "put a squeeze" on fish and effect their abundance/diversity

Front 25

Harvest

Back 25

human predation

Front 26

Yield Models

Back 26

equilibrium based recruitment & surplus production

Front 27

Habitat

Back 27

protection of functional places

Front 28

Hydropower passage

Back 28

(upstream & downstream): normalizing flow

Front 29

Hydropower decomissioning & removal

Back 29

reclaiming floodplain pulse

Front 30

What is the “Salmonid-centric” Ecosystem

Back 30

There are many factors – landscape, aquatic, salmonid, & human ecology

Front 31

“Human factor”

Back 31

more people placing greater & competing demands for the many “values” of a resource

Front 32

What are the 7 H's of "The Fish Squeeze"?

Back 32

Harvest, H2O, Habitat, Human, Heritage, Health, Hatchery

Front 33

What are the 5 periods of Post-European Settlement?

Back 33

Ear of Abundance, Overexploitatation, Protection, Game Management, & Environmental Management

Front 34

Era of Abundance (1600-1849)

Back 34

Myth of Superabundance-fish & wildlife species found in high numbers, and resources viewed as limitless

Front 35

Era of Overexploitation (1850-1899)

Back 35

wildlife populations declined, but there were reactive responses: first game wardens, hunting licenses, first bag limit, and first national park

Front 36

What is the first National Park?

Back 36

Yellowstone 1872

Front 37

Era of Protection (1900-1925)

Back 37

populations at historical lows, laws protecting wildlife established, depts of fish & wildlife established, Theodore Roosevelt era,

Front 38

Lacey Act (1925)

Back 38

regulated market hunting, controlled importation of exotics & interstate transport of illegal game

Front 39

Weeks-Mclean Act (1912)

Back 39

provided protection of waterfowl

Front 40

Migratory Birds Treaty Act (1917)

Back 40

protection of migratory birds

Front 41

Gifford Pinchot

Back 41

coined the term "conservation"

Front 42

John Muir

Back 42

Preservationist: protection for esthetic reasons

Front 43

Era of Game Management (1930-1965)

Back 43

First research & management programs developed in N America, publication of Game Management (1933) by Aldo Leopold, new legislaiton (Duck Stamp & Pittman-Robertson Acts)

Front 44

Aldo Leopold

Back 44

established “American Game Policy” with basic principles on requirements of wildlife as a sustained resource

Front 45

Commons

Back 45

a resource owned by the populace without restriction on who uses it and how much

Front 46

Era of Management (1965-Present)

Back 46

significant legislation (First Endangered Species Act, EPA established)

Front 47

1. Productivity at lower trophic levels (plants)...

Back 47

determine energy and nutrients that are available for populations at higher trophic levels (e.g., herbivores and predators)

Front 48

2. Composition of plant communities and the type of ecosystem in large part determines...

Back 48

habitat suitability for animal populations (applies to both terrestrial and aquatic communities)

Front 49

3. Ecological succession and successional habitats are important for...

Back 49

many important wildlife species(game and non-game)

Front 50

What is the key aspect of habitat quality for a foraging animals?

Back 50

to maximize energy intake /unit time and to minimize risk in getting that energy or other resources

Front 51

4. What are associations between diversity and stability, and ecosystem function?

Back 51

ecosystems are buffered by their species diversity

Front 52

Stephen Forbes (1844-1930)

Back 52

First Chief of the Illinois Natural History Survey; concerned with more than just surveying species distributions & occurrences

Front 53

Communities

Back 53

interacting assemblage of living organisms in an area

Front 54

Descriptive communities

Back 54

groups of populations that occur in the same area

Front 55

Functional communities

Back 55

populations that interact with each other

Front 56

Communities are _________ than an ecosystem, often ________than a population

Back 56

smaller; bigger

Front 57

Community Ecology

Back 57

oldest discipline in ecology that specifies the importance of interspecific interactions in descriptive natural history

Front 58

Competition

Back 58

when two individuals vie for the same resource (directly or indirectly), resulting in a mutually negative effect on the pair

Front 59

Intraspecific competition

Back 59

involves members of the same species

Front 60

Interspecific competition

Back 60

involves members of two (or more) different species

Front 61

Direct competition

Back 61

interference or contest competition: when organisms prevent access or harm one another while seeking a resource

Front 62

Indirect competition

Back 62

consumption of a shared resource

Front 63

What happened with the ant and mice experiment?

Back 63

When mice population went down, ants went up (& viceversa)

Front 64

Predation

Back 64

individuals of one species killing another for food

Front 65

Population

Back 65

a group of organisms of the same species that occupy a space sufficiently close to find each other and reproduce

Front 66

What is the exponential growth rate equation for overlapping generations?

Back 66

dN /dT = rN (where dN = Change in Number, dT = Change in Time, r = Exponential growth rate of a population, N = Population Size at Any Given Moment)

Front 67

What is the exponential growth rate equation for non-overlapping generations?

Back 67

N = (R0t)(N0) (where N = population size at end of reproduction, Ro = net replacement rate / generation, t = number of generations)

Front 68

Semelparity

Back 68

the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during an organism’s lifetime

Front 69

Iteroparity

Back 69

repeated production of offspring at intervals throughout the organism’s lifetime

Front 70

What is the logistic growth rate equation?

Back 70

dN /dT = rN (1 – N /K) (where dN = Change in Number, dT = Change in Time, r = Exponential growth rate of a population, N = Population size at any given moment, K= Carrying Capacity)

Front 71

Population Dynamics

Back 71

the study of changes in the number and composition of individuals in a population, and the factors that influence those changes

Front 72

Four Essential Quantities: BIDE

Back 72

B = Births, D = Deaths, I = Immigrants, E = Emigrants

Front 73

According to BIDE, what is a stable abundance?

Back 73

B + I = D + E

Front 74

According to BIDE, what is a growing abundance?

Back 74

B + I > D + E

Front 75

According to BIDE, what is a declining abundance?

Back 75

B + I < D + E

Front 76

Natality

Back 76

≈ birth rate, but also includes birth, hatching, germination, fission

Front 77

Fecundity

Back 77

number of young produced / unit time (often over a female’s lifetime

Front 78

Potential longevity

Back 78

physiological capability

Front 79

Realized longevity

Back 79

average under natural conditions

Front 80

Density

Back 80

number of individuals in a specified area

Front 81

Density Dependence

Back 81

association between density & individual reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)

Front 82

Density Independence

Back 82

no association between density and individual reproduction or survival

Front 83

Regulatory factors tend to be density ___________.

Back 83

dependent

Front 84

Control factors tend to be density ___________.

Back 84

independent

Front 85

How much of IL is covered by substitute grasslands (pastures & hayfields)?

Back 85

11%

Front 86

Shelterbelts

Back 86

offer protection from erosion & habitat for reproduction, broods, & winter cover (also called conservation buffers)

Front 87

Agricultural Act of 1956 (Soil Bank)

Back 87

paid farmers to retire land from production for 3-10 years; reduce soil erosion and production surpluses that drive down market price of crops

Front 88

Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 (a.k.a. the Crop Adjustment Program (CAP))

Back 88

plant grasses and legumes instead of row crops

Front 89

Food Security Act of 1985 (a.k.a. the “Farm Bill”)

Back 89

provided for Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) where acreage set aside specifically for creating habitat

Front 90

What are 2 notes to make when managing habitat for food?

Back 90

1. Dietary needs, 2. Management of preferred foods

Front 91

Silviculture

Back 91

the regeneration, tending, and harvesting of trees and forest habitat

Front 92

Even-aged Management

Back 92

trees in an area are about the same age and size

Front 93

Uneven-aged Management

Back 93

trees in an area are different ages and size

Front 94

Clear-cut

Back 94

removal of all trees from an area

Front 95

Shelterwood cut

Back 95

removal of all but a few large trees that provide shade for seedlings

Front 96

Group-selection cut

Back 96

removal of a small group of trees

Front 97

Old Growth

Back 97

generally viewed as “virgin” forest that has not been cut

Front 98

Snags

Back 98

dead or dying trees that offer nesting and foraging habitat for a diverse group of birds, mammals & herpetofauna

Front 99

Rangelands

Back 99

areas generally unsuitable for cultivation but useful for browsing & grazing animals

Front 100

“Lentic” Ecosystems & Habitats

Back 100

natural systems & man-made systems

Front 101

What are 7 ecological drivers of lakes?

Back 101

oxygen, temperature, morphology, structure/vegetation, water sources, nutrient chemistry, trophic structure

Front 102

Movement

Back 102

simple changing of location; active or passive

Front 103

Dispersal

Back 103

departure from an area with no expectation of return (one way trip)

Front 104

Migration

Back 104

specialized & beneficial behavior associated with changing habitats & later returning (return ticket trip); requires detection & memory

Front 105

Anadromous migration

Back 105

spawn in FW & grow in oceans

Front 106

Catadromous migration

Back 106

spawn in oceans grow in FW

Front 107

Adfluvial migration

Back 107

spawn in lakes & grow up or downstream

Front 108

Fluvial migration

Back 108

spawn in one part of river & grow up or downstream

Front 109

Philopatry migration

Back 109

fidelity to a stream or even a specific site ("breeding site fidelity")

Front 110

Species that don't disperse/migrate occupy a ____________ _______.

Back 110

closed lake

Front 111

Fidelity also is a ______________ characteristic

Back 111

proportional

Front 112

Semalparity v. Iteroparity is not a binary character, but rather a...

Back 112

proportion of a population

Front 113

Wetlands are managed by __________.

Back 113

IDNR

Front 114

Applied Population Ecology

Back 114

harvesting, how much to harvest

Front 115

Density Dependence

Back 115

association between density and individual reproduction or survival (can be negative or positive feedback)

Front 116

Inversity

Back 116

a negative relationship between population density and natality or recruitment

Front 117

Compensatory Mortality

Back 117

when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality does not change

Front 118

Additive Mortality

Back 118

when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality changes

Front 119

Yield

Back 119

the absolute number of animals harvested (harvest rate * population size)

Front 120

Harvest rate (h)

Back 120

the proportion of the standing population harvested, so h= SY/(N+SY)

Front 121

Sustainable yield (harvest rate)

Back 121

one which can be repeated without causing population decline (based on harvesting only a population’s increment of growth)

Front 122

Maximum sustainable yield

Back 122

the largest increment of growth a population can produce (typically MSY is produced when population size is about 0.5K)

Front 123

Completely additive mortality

Back 123

the removal of an individual through harvesting results in a net increase in the overall mortality rate, merely adding to the losses from other mortality factors

Front 124

Completely compensatory mortality

Back 124

removal of one individual through harvesting results in the survival of another individual that would have died because of density-dependent mortality factors (the “doomed surplus” model)

Front 125

Optimal Sustained Yield

Back 125

a management philosophy that considers ecological and socioeconomic factors

Front 126

What 3 factors affect K?

Back 126

density dependent factors, density independent factors, and trophic effects on K

Front 127

What are some density-independent factors?

Back 127

weather & density dependent diseases

Front 128

What are some density-dependent factors?

Back 128

food, space, density-dependent epizootics

Front 129

What are trophic effects on K?

Back 129

Remove large fish, remove fish waste, removes fertilizer, removes smaller fish, up the food chain, less fish to catch

Front 130

What is the fixed effort harvest equation?

Back 130

H = (q)(E)(N) (where Yield = (efficiency)(Effort)(Population))

Front 131

Genetics

Back 131

the field of study concerned with transmission & inheritance of traits

Front 132

Genes

Back 132

the blueprints for how a trait is expressed; transmitted in Mendelian (regular) & clonal inheritance (understood ways)

Front 133

Genetics + Fishery Science = ____________________

Back 133

Fisheries Genetics

Front 134

Fisheries Genetics

Back 134

use of the tools & principles of genetics for understanding aquatic populations; aimed at managing, conserving, protecting, or restoring aquatic resources

Front 135

Native populations

Back 135

maintain the composition, structure, function, & viability of naturally-evolved gene pool diversity

Front 136

Desirable introduced populations

Back 136

maintain or “improve” the desired heritable characteristics of the population

Front 137

Biotic Diversity

Back 137

defining variation & diversity

Front 138

What is the Processes “Shaping” Variation & Diversity?

Back 138

 Mutation, migration, mating “preferences”, random genetic drift, natural selection

Front 139

Variation & diversity among individuals is caused by...

Back 139

random assortment of allele types from ancestors

Front 140

Viable Species (in a conservation sense)

Back 140

widely distributed (historical range), locally abundant, network of sources and sinks, genetically robust (background biodiversity – C/S/F)

Front 141

Viable species (in a fishable sense)

Back 141

conservationally viable, sinks can withstand additional mortality without affecting demographic or genetic robustness, benefits from Source Refugia

Front 142

For population viability, what is the general rule called? What does it mean?

Back 142

50/500 rule; short term viability where Ne > 50 pairs & long term viability where Ne > 500 pairs

Front 143

What leads to (among-) population divergence?

Back 143

mutations, migration, mating preferences, differential random genetic drift, time, & selection

Front 144

If individuals from exogenous gene pools are introduced onto a native gene pool then...

Back 144

the fitness of the native gene pool will exceed that of the non-native, introduced gene pool

Front 145

If individuals from exogenous gene pools survive, mature, & reproduce, then...

Back 145

potential for intermating & introgressive gene flow between native exogenous gene pools & there will be lowered of fitness of introgressed population relative to native gene pool

Front 146

Hybridization

Back 146

a process whereby matings between individuals from two lineages that are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable character

Front 147

Endogenous selection

Back 147

acts at the level of the genotype regardless of ecological conditions

Front 148

Exogenous selection

Back 148

acts at the level of the phenotype and varies with ecological conditions

Front 149

Hybrid

Back 149

offspring from such a cross

Front 150

Interspecific

Back 150

also between genera or other higher taxonomic rank

Front 151

Intraspecific

Back 151

between populations or lineages

Front 152

Gene Flow

Back 152

continuum from F1 to “swarm"

Front 153

What Are Some Characteristics of Conservation Biology?

Back 153

it is a “Crisis Discipline” , multidisciplinary & Inexact, & "Value Laden”

Front 154

What do the Principles of Conservation Biology include?

Back 154

“instrumental” or “utilitarian” values & the “intrinsic” or “inherent” values

Front 155

What are the 3 principles of conservation biology?

Back 155

1. The ecological world is dynamic and non-equilibrial
2. Evolution is the axiom that unites all of biology
3. The human presence must be included in conservation planning

Front 156

How does Conservation Biology Differ from Wildlife & Fisheries Management? (3)

Back 156

Manipulation vs. Maintenance of Populations, Vertebrates vs. All Taxa, & Agency vs. “Academic”

Front 157

Habitat Fragmentation

Back 157

reduction in the total amount of habitat & apportionment of remaining habitat into smaller & more isolated patches

Front 158

What are some Adverse Effects of Habitat Fragmentation? (3)

Back 158

Fewer species are supported in smaller patches, “Edge effects” & environmental changes in fragments, & Vulnerability of populations within fragments

Front 159

What is the fragmentation & species diversity equation?

Back 159

S = cA^Z (where S = # of species, c = constant, A = area of patch, z = scaling constant)

Front 160

The most fundamental model is one that depicts the...

Back 160

number of species as a function of rates of colonization & local extinction

Front 161

Both rates of colonization and local extinction are a function of...

Back 161

degree of isolation & patch size

Front 162

Stochastic

Back 162

“of or pertaining to a process involving a randomly determined sequence of observations”

Front 163

Demographic stochasticity

Back 163

variability in population growth rates arising from random differences among individuals in survival & reproduction within a season

Front 164

Environmental stochasticity

Back 164

variation in birth & death rates from one season to the next in response to weather, disease, competition, predation, or other factors external to the population

Front 165

Metapopulation

Back 165

a series of semi-isolated populations with some level of migration and/or gene flow among them

Front 166

Population Source

Back 166

patch of habitat where reproduction exceeds mortality

Front 167

Population Sink

Back 167

patch of habitat where reproduction is less than mortality

Front 168

Pulliam’s λ = >

Back 168

((# of females produced per females)*(Juvenile Survival)) + Adult Survival, where λ < 1 is a sink & λ > 1 is a source

Front 169

Recruitment

Back 169

reflection of the number of young produced during the breeding season and enter into the breeding population

Front 170

What does SLOSS stand for?

Back 170

Single Large Or Several Small

Front 171

What is the "SLOSS" question?

Back 171

To optimize the number of species in a refuge or conservation area, should we retain a relatively few number of large reserves or large number of smaller reserves?

Front 172

Why does no one SLOSS solution fit all?

Back 172

Fragmentation & area sensitivity are habitat specific & site fidelity is variable

Front 173

What tropical species will be most vulnerable from habitat loss?

Back 173

rare, long-lived species