Nres 201 Test 1

Front 1

What are 5 functions of soil?

Back 1

Medium for plant growth, Regulator of water supplies, Waste recycling system, Habitat for soil organisms, Engineering medium

Front 2

What are the consequences of the 1935 Dust Bowl?

Back 2

Loss of topsoil, decline in food output, health issues, abandoned farms and refugees

Front 3

What Act was established after the Dust Bowl? Why?

Back 3

Soil Conservation Service (1935), because views of soil being 'indestructible' changed

Front 4

Who said “The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”?

Back 4

F. D. Roosevelt (1937)

Front 5

Why has erosion has been less obvious in Illinois?

Back 5

damage done by water, not wind, years of intensive tillage converted soils to sediments, now dredged from the Illinois River in the Mud to Parks project

Front 6

Soil = ?

Back 6

Pedoshpere

Front 7

What are the 3 Major Soil Components?

Back 7

solids, liquids, gases

Front 8

Soil Solids

Back 8

inorganic minerals & organic matter (humus)

Front 9

Primary minerals

Back 9

formed by igneous rock)

Front 10

Secondary minerals

Back 10

formed by weathering

Front 11

Humus

Back 11

product of the decay of organic residues

Front 12

Soil Water

Back 12

soil solution composed of water, dissolved ions, molecules, & gases

Front 13

Soil Atmosphere

Back 13

contains similar gases as in atmosphere above the soil but often in very different proportions; higher CO2 & lower O2 than atmosphere

Front 14

About 50% of soil is ______, 50% is _________

Back 14

solids, voids

Front 15

What are the 5 factors of soil formation?

Back 15

CORPT: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, time

Front 16

Pedology

Back 16

study of soil genesis, classification, morphology, mapping, & interception

Front 17

Pedon

Back 17

smallest unit of a soil, about 1m hexagon, 1-2m deep

Front 18

Profile

Back 18

vertical exposure of soil showing horizons

Front 19

Horizons

Back 19

nearly horizontal layer in soil formed by pedogenic processes

Front 20

Soil Profile

Back 20

morphology, chemical/biological/physical processes, vary with factors of formation, horizons, & diagnostic horizons

Front 21

Zones of loss

Back 21

leaching, eluviation

Front 22

Zones of gain

Back 22

illuviation

Front 23

O horizon

Back 23

organic

Front 24

A horizon

Back 24

surface mineral “topsoil”

Front 25

E horizon

Back 25

eluvial, leached

Front 26

Bt horizon

Back 26

illuvial, accumulation of weathering products, clay

Front 27

BC horizon

Back 27

transitional to C horizon

Front 28

C horizon

Back 28

slightly altered parent material

Front 29

R horizon

Back 29

bedrock

Front 30

What is the parent material of Alfisol and Mollisol?

Back 30

loess

Front 31

4 soil components

Back 31

Air, Water, Organic Matter, and Minerals

Front 32

Soil Solids

Back 32

Inorganic Minerals and Organic Matter

Front 33

humus

Back 33

decay product of organic residues

Front 34

Texture Class

Back 34

relative % of soil separates by weight

Front 35

Structureless

Back 35

massive or single grained

Front 36

Structured


Back 36

granular, platy, subangular blocky, angular blocky, prismatic, & columnar

Front 37

Clods

Back 37

produced by improper tillage wet soils, heavy equipment

Front 38

Peds

Back 38

produced by natural soil forming peds are produced by natural soil forming processes

Front 39

Ideal soil has a balance of

Back 39

macro and micro pores

Front 40

Micropores

Back 40

retain water against the pull of gravity; contain the soil solution

Front 41

Macropores

Back 41

drain free of water; contain the soil atmosphere

Front 42

Soil Consistence

Back 42

response of soil to applied force at various moisture content

Front 43

4 basic soil properties

Back 43

Color (HVC), Texture (Sand, Silt, Clay), Consistence (friable, firm, plastic), Structure (blocky, platy, crumbs)

Front 44

Residuum

Back 44

material that formed from rock weathered in place

Front 45

Transported

Back 45

material that has been transported by some agent

Front 46

Lacustrine

Back 46

material that is moved by water and deposited in fresh water lakes

Front 47

Alluvium

Back 47

material deposited on flood plains of active streams; usually stratified

Front 48

Alluvial Fans

Back 48

materials often deposited in fan shaped deposits in high energy environments at base of slopes

Front 49

Deltas

Back 49

sediment carried by streams deposited in slower water

Front 50

Terraces

Back 50

old abandoned floodplains

Front 51

Colluvium

Back 51

material moved by gravity and deposited at the base of steep slopes

Front 52

Eolian

Back 52

sandy material deposited by wind

Front 53

Till

Back 53

a mixture of rock material that has been ground into an assortment of different sized particles and moved by the action of glacial ice

Front 54

Outwash

Back 54

alluvial material that was deposited by streams of glacial meltwaters

Front 55

Kames

Back 55

conical hill, sorted by water, often by filling cavities in a glacial ice sheet with sediment

Front 56

Eskers

Back 56

serpentine ridge, meltwater flowing within/beneath glaciers and carrying sediment

Front 57

Kettles

Back 57

closed depressions left as ice blocks in outwash or till melt

Front 58

Outwash Plain

Back 58

broad expanse of outwash, often downslope of a moraine

Front 59

Till Plain/Ground Moraine

Back 59

level plain of till from beneath the glacier

Front 60

Drumlin

Back 60

pile of till in a large cigar-shaped hill oriented with the direction of ice movement

Front 61

Top 3 IL parent materials:

Back 61

Loess 63%, Till 12% (Wisconsinan, Illinoian), Alluvium 10%

Front 62

Hydration

Back 62

chemical bonding of water to cations and anions

Front 63

Hydrolysis

Back 63

reaction of water with a mineral resulting in the splitting of water into H+ & OH ions

Front 64

Complexation

Back 64

higher plants and microorganisms produce a variety of organic compounds

Front 65

Dissolution

Back 65

water is an excellent solvent for polar species

Front 66

Soil horizons are distinguished by (4):

Back 66

color, organic matter content, texture, & structure

Front 67

Master horizons can be subdivided into (4):

Back 67

A1, A2, Bt1, Bt2

Front 68

Limnic horizon (L)

Back 68

used with Histosols, material deposited under water, plant tissues, diatoms, fish droppings, etc. includes diatomaceous earth (di), marl (ma), coprogenous earth (co)

Front 69

Solum is in which horizons?

Back 69

O, A, E, Bt

Front 70

Regolith is in which horizons?

Back 70

O, A, E, Bt, C

Front 71

Transition Horizons

Back 71

dominated by the properties of one master horizon, but with some properties of another master horizon

Front 72

Subordinate Distinction p

Back 72

plowed

Front 73

Subordinate Distinction g

Back 73

gleyed

Front 74

Subordinate Distinction t

Back 74

illuvial concentration of silicate clays

Front 75

Subordinate Distinction b

Back 75

buried genetic

Front 76

Subordinate Distinction n

Back 76

sodium accumulation

Front 77

Subordinate Distinction w

Back 77

weakly developed B horizon

Front 78

Subordinate Distinction x

Back 78

fragipan

Front 79

Soil Surveys

Back 79

Predict soil conditions in certain areas and interprets them for practical uses

Front 80

B810

Back 80

ave. level of management

Front 81

B811

Back 81

optimum management

Front 82

Base & Benchmark soils in IL

Back 82

Drummer sicl, Elburn sil, Flanagan sil, Ipava sil, Sable sicl

Front 83

Soil Taxonomic Classification

Back 83

soils are classified based on the presence or absence of diagnostic horizons and major differences in soil forming factors or properties

Front 84

Mollic Epipedon

Back 84

mineral (A) horizon that is dark, thick, rich (high in bases), soft

Front 85

Histic Epipedon

Back 85

organic horizon (O) of a mineral soil

Front 86

Umbric Epipedon

Back 86

mineral horizon (A) that is thick enough, dark enough to be a mollic epipedon but having low base saturation

Front 87

Ochric Epipedon

Back 87

mineral horizon (A) that is too thin, too light in color, or too little organic matter to be a mollic or umbric or histic epipedon, the default epipedon

Front 88

Albic

Back 88

strongly developed E horizon, lighter in color & lower in clay than horizons above/below

Front 89

Argillic

Back 89

clay (Bt), important in Illinois

Front 90

Natric

Back 90

exchangeable Na (Bn)

Front 91

Cambic

Back 91

(Bw or Bg) Slight development

Front 92

Entisols (ents)

Back 92

Young soil formed in recent deposits, alluvium,
colluvium etc., no diagnostic horizons

Front 93

Inceptisols (epts)

Back 93

has the most coarse fragments

Front 94

Mollisols (olls)

Back 94

pPrairie soil, thick, dark mollic epipedon

Front 95

Alfisols (alfs)

Back 95

soils that do not have a mollic epipedon but have an argillic horizon with greater than 35% base saturation

Front 96

Spodosols (ods)

Back 96

formed under acid, chelating vegetation,
albic E and spodic B horizon

Front 97

Ultisols (ults):

Back 97

soils without a mollic epipedon in a mesic or warmer temperature regime that have an argillic or kandic horizon with less than 35% base saturation

Front 98

Oxisols (Bo)

Back 98

soils that have an oxic horizon (Bo) no argillic or natric horizon, highly weathered; Old soils formed in hot, wet climates

Front 99

Histosols (ists)

Back 99

have most organic matter

Front 100

Vertisols (erts)

Back 100

soils which contain 30% or more swelling type clay (smectites) to ≥ 50 cm, and when dry have cracks open at the surface

Front 101

Aridisols (ids)

Back 101

soils that occur in an aridic moisture regime, climates that are dry enough to restrict normal soil development, evaporation exceeds precipitation; formed in volcanic deposits, shows ash
layers

Front 102

Andisols (ands)

Back 102

volcanic soils with andic properties &high content of volcanic ash & glass

Front 103

Gelisols (els)

Back 103

young permafrost and frost churning soils with little development; poor drainage, gleyed colors

Front 104

Levels of classification:

Back 104

Order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series

Front 105

Given oven dry weight and sample
volume, calculate bulk density

Back 105

BD = Ms (mass of oven-dry solids) / Vt (volume solids + volume pores)

Front 106

Given bulk density and assuming
particle density calculate porosity

Back 106

PS (pore space) = (1 - BD/ PD) (where PD is particle density)

Front 107

.Given the porosity and assuming
particle density calculate bulk density

Back 107

BD = 1 - (PS)(PD)

Front 108

What is an "ideal soil"?

Back 108

~50% pores, ~ 50% solids. ~45% minerals, 5% humus by volume

Front 109

What is the "soil taxonomy order"?

Back 109

order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series

Front 110

Particle sizes in decreasing order? (4):

Back 110

course fragments (>2mm), sand (2-.05mm), silt (.05-.002mm), clay (<.002mm)

Front 111

Generally, soils have higher ________ and lower ______ than atmosphere above the soil

Back 111

CO2, O2

Front 112

Which element needed by plants is not gotten from the air or water?

Back 112

calcium

Front 113

What is the most common parent material that most Illinois soils are formed in?

Back 113

Loess

Front 114

Which glacial feature best describes a serpentine ridge with sand and gravel that was formed by a stream flowing through a crack in the glacial ice?

Back 114

esker

Front 115

What glacier went the furthest south?

Back 115

Illinoian

Front 116

Why (primary reason) are the soils in west central Illinois more productive (higher crop yields)?

Back 116

loess is thicker

Front 117

Residual parent materials are best described as:

Back 117

materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in place

Front 118

Sandstone is a ____________ rock.

Back 118

sedimentary

Front 119

The maximum soil development occurs in which master horizon (color change, soil structure)
for a given soil profile?

Back 119

B

Front 120

What subscript means an illuvial concentration of clay?

Back 120

t

Front 121

What subscript means evidence of a buried soils?

Back 121

b

Front 122

The reaction: [ Fe3+ + e- > Fe2+] is an example of:

Back 122

reduction

Front 123

The reaction: [ mica + H2O → K+ + OH- + acid clay ] is an example of

Back 123

hydrolysis

Front 124

Granite is an example of a(n):

Back 124

igneous rock

Front 125

What soil order which churns, has surface cracks when dry, and swells when wet?

Back 125

vertisols

Front 126

The mesic temperature regime in North America was originally linked to the distribution of which crop?

Back 126

corn