Nres 295 Test 1

Front 1

First Principles

Back 1

Starts directly at the level of established laws of physics and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and finding

parameters.

Front 2

Deterministic

Back 2

exactly describes what future state followsfrom the current state

Front 3

Stochastic

Back 3

random events affect the evolution of thesystem

Front 4

State variable

Back 4

describes the mathematical state of thesystem

Front 5

Process function

Back 5

describes the transition between states of a system

Front 6

Joule

Back 6

The work done when a force of onenewton moves the point of its application adistance of one meter in the direction of theforce.

Front 7

Watt

Back 7

The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule of energy

Front 8

Irradiance

Back 8

radiant flux received by a surface on a per unit area basis

Front 9

control volume

Back 9

An arbitrary volume where we can close the continuity equations

Front 10

Budget

Back 10

mathematical expression of the continuity equation, inflow minus outflow equals change in storage. Units of volume or depth.

Front 11

Store or reservoir

Back 11

water held in locations that havelong residence times and/or are not easily connectedto outflows. Units of volume or depth

Front 12

Flows

Back 12

transfer of matter or energy between two reserovirs per time. Units of volume per time

Front 13

Fluxes

Back 13

mass transfer across a plane. Flow per unit area. Units of volume per time per area

Front 14

Residence Time

Back 14

how long a water molecule resides ina system. Units of time.

Front 15

Derived quantities

Back 15

Not measured directly -calculated from measured variables using an equation representing a relationship between variables.

Front 16

Velocity

Back 16

L/T

Front 17

Area

Back 17

L^2

Front 18

Volume

Back 18

L^3

Front 19

Flow/Discharge

Back 19

L^3/T

Front 20

Specific discharge

Back 20

L/T

Front 21

Flux

Back 21

M/T/L2

Front 22

Specific Heat

Back 22

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

Front 23

Albedo

Back 23

the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected by a surface

Front 24

emissivity

Back 24

the effectiveness in emiting energy as thermal radiation

Front 25

capillarity

Back 25

the process that moves water through a narrow porous space

Front 26

Viscosity

Back 26

the internal molecular friction, Results inturbulent flow in most surface water

Front 27

Latent Heat

Back 27

Energy released or absorbed by a body (or system) during a constant-temperature process.

Front 28

Vapor pressure

Back 28

The pressure exerted by a vapor inequilibrium at a given temperature in a closed system

Front 29

Radiative fluxes

Back 29

associated with shortwave radiation incoming from the sun and reflected by Earth’s surface and longwave radiation emitted by Earth’s surface and radiated toward the surface by the atmosphere.

Front 30

turbulent fluxes

Back 30

associated with heating of the Earth’ssurface and phase changes of water (e.g. evaporation)

Front 31

Photosynthesis

Back 31

Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy

Front 32

Water use efficiency

Back 32

Water used versus product produced

– Water use of people/industry

– Water use in plants

– Water use in agriculture

Front 33

Transpiration

Back 33

Plant mediated diffusion of soil water to atmosphere

Front 34

Chemsynthesis

Back 34

biological conversion of carbon containing molecules into organic matter (uses in organic compounds or methane as source of energy rather than light)

Front 35

Gross primary productivity

Back 35

the amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create for a givenamount of time

Front 36

Photosynthetic water use efficiency (intrinsicWUE)

Back 36

ratio of the rate of carbon assimilation to the rate of transpiration

Front 37

Productivity water use efficiency (integratedWUE)

Back 37

ratio of biomass produced to rate of transpiration