Nonspecific (Innate) Host Defenses

Front 1

The immune system evaluates cells by examining certain molecules on their surface called _______.

Back 1

Markers

Front 2

In relation to the immune system's evaluation of cells, "markers" generally consist of _______ and/or _______.

Back 2

Proteins

Sugars

Front 3

Markers (immune system) -

Back 3

markers allow cells of the immune system to identify whether or not a newly discovered cell poses a threat.

Front 4

How is a "marker" like a "face"??

Back 4

Markers can be thought of as the cellular equivalent of facial characteristics in humans and allow the cells of the immune system to identify whether or not a newly discovered cell poses a threat.

Front 5

Interferon (IFN) is a small _______ produced naturally by certain _______ _______ and _______ cells that is used in therapy against certain _______ infections and _______.

Back 5

Protein; white blood; tissue; viral; cancer.

Front 6

Although Interferon (IFN) was originally thought to be directed exclusively against viruses, it is now know to be involved also in?

Back 6

Defense against other microbes and in immune regulation and intercommunication.

Front 7

Three major types of Interferons:

Back 7

Interferon alpha

Interferon Beta

Interferon Gamma

Front 8

Interferon alpha is a product of?

Back 8

Lymphocytes and macrophages.

Front 9

Interferon beta is a product of?

Back 9

fibroblasts and epithelial cells

Front 10

Interferon Gamma is a product of?

Back 10

T cells

Front 11

All three classes of Interferons are produced in response to what four (4) things?

Back 11

Viruses; RNA; immune products; various antigens

Front 12

In all cases, Interferons do this:

Back 12

Bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, but exact results vary.

Front 13

In addition to antiviral effects discussed, all three IFNs can inhibit"

Back 13

The expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects

Front 14

IFN alpha and beta stimulate _______, and IFN gamma is an _______ _______of _______ and _______ and _______ cells.

Back 14

Phagocytes; immune regulator; macrophages; T; B.

Front 15

Nonspecific immune ractions are generalized responses to invasion, regardless of the type. These include the following four (4) responses:

Back 15

Inflammation; phagocytosis; interferon; complement.

Front 16

Rubor means?

Back 16

Redness

Front 17

Calor means?

Back 17

Heat

Front 18

Another name for "tumor"

Back 18

Edema

Front 19

Dolor means?

Back 19

Pain

Front 20

The four symptoms of inflammation are? What often accompanies these four symptoms?

Back 20

Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (edema), and dolor (pain).
Loss of function often accompanies these.

Front 21

Fever is another component of?

Back 21

Nonspecific immunity

Front 22

Fever is caused by both _______ and _______ pyrogens.

Back 22

Endogenous and exogenous

Front 23

Fever does this to the host immune response?

Back 23

increases the rapidity of the host immune response.

Front 24

What action does fever have on microbial invaders?

Back 24

Reduces the viability of many microbial invaders.

Front 25

Macrophages are activated by?

Back 25

Monocytes

Front 26

What are two key phagocytic agents of nonspecific response to disease?

Back 26

Macrophages and neutrophils

Front 27

PMN means?

Back 27

Neutrophils

Front 28

Plasma contains _______, a nonspecific group of _______ that work on its own or with the _______ _______ of defense to attack foreign cells.

Back 28

Complement; chemicals; third line

Front 29

Host defenses are classified into one of the two following general categories:

Back 29

Innate and nonspecific
or
Acquired and specific

Front 30

Innate (inborn) and nonspecific immunity represent which line(s) of defense?

Back 30

First and second

Front 31

The second category of host defenses (acquired, specific) represents the _______ line of defense.

Back 31

Third

Front 32

A number of defenses are a normal part of the body's anatomy and physiology. These defenses represent what line of defense?

Back 32

First

Front 33

The first line of defense (inborn, nonspecific defenses) can be divided into three barriers. They are:

Back 33

Physical

Chemical

Genetic

Front 34

What does the first line of defense impede?

Back 34

Entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not.

Front 35

Which line of defense is responsible for specific immunity? It's also the most complex.

Back 35

Third

Front 36

Phagocytes that engulf foreigh matter and destroy it, and inflammation which holds infection in check, are examples of what line of defense?

Back 36

Second

Front 37

The second line of defense is a _______ and _______ that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the _______ defenses.

Back 37

Cellular

Chemical

Surface

Front 38

Which form of immunity is usually long term and has memory?

Back 38

Third

Front 39

Briefly describe the actions of the third line of host defense.

Back 39

Includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized WBCs.

Front 40

These regions have several built-in defenses (part of the first line of defense).

Back 40

Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tract.

Front 41

The outermost layer of skin is composed of epithelial cells that have become _______, _______ together, and impregnated with an insoluble _______, _______.

Back 41

Compacted

Cemented

Protein, Keratin

Front 42

Skin results in a thick, tough layer that is highly impervious and waterproof. The outermost layer of skin (composed of epithelial tissue) that is partially responsible for these defense qualities is:

Back 42

Stratum corneum

Front 43

Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:

Back 43

The hair follicles and skin glands.

Front 44

Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:

Back 44

The hair follicles and skin glands.

Front 45

Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:

Back 45

The hair follicles and skin glands.

Front 46

How do hair follicles and skin glands function to act as host defense?

Back 46

The hair shaft is periodically extruded, and the follicle cells are desquamated. The flushing effect of sweat glands also help remove microbes.

Front 47

Define Desquamated

Back 47

To shed the cuticles in scales; to peel off the outer layer of a surface.

Front 48

The specific immune response that is customized to react to specific antigens of the microbial invader:

Back 48

Third line

Front 49

One of the three parenthetical answers is correct with regards to the following statement; choose the correct answer. The third line response immobilizes and destroys the invader ( occasionally, most of the time; every time) it appears in the host.

Back 49

Every time

Front 50

The immune system operates first as a _______ system that discriminates between the host's self identity _______ and the _______ identity _______ of foreign cells.

Back 50

Surveillance

Markers

Nonself

Markers

Front 51

As far as the immune system is concerned, if an _______ is not _______, it is foreign, does not belong and must be _______.

Back 51

Antigen

Self

Destroyed

Front 52

B and T cells arise from the same _______ cell but later diverge into _______ cell lines.

Back 52

Stem; two

Front 53

The appearances of B and T cells are similar, and one cannot differentiate them on the basis of _______.

Back 53

Staining

Front 54

What type of stem cell does B and T cells originate from?

Back 54

Lymphocyte stem cells

Front 55

The "B" in B lymphocytes (B cells) stands for _______; the "T" in T lymphocytes (T cells) stands for _______.

Back 55

Bursal-Equivalent

Thymus-Derived

Front 56

In humans, B cells mature here:

Back 56

In special bone marrow sites

Front 57

Humans do not have bursa. In all birds and mammals, T cells mature here:

Back 57

Thymus gland.

Front 58

Both populations of cells are transported by the _______ and _______ and move about freely between _______ organs and _______ tissue.

Back 58

Bloodstream; lymph; lymphoid; connective

Front 59

What type of cells are the key cells in the third line of defense?

Back 59

Lymphocytes (key cells in the third line of defense and the specific immune response).

Front 60

The four (4) major subdivisions of the immune system are:

Back 60

RES; ECF; the blood vascular system, and the lymphatic system

Front 61

What does "RES" stand for?

Back 61

Reticuloendothelial System

Front 62

What is the reticuloendotheial system (RES)?

Back 62

It is a network of connective tissue fibers inhibited by macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that have managed to bypass the first line of defense.

Front 63

How does the ECF (extracellular fluid) compartment work in immune defense?

Back 63

Compartment surrounds all cells and is penetrated by both blood and lymph vessels, which bring all components of the second and third line of defense to attack infectious microbes.

Front 64

What type of defenses does the blood contain?

Back 64

Both specific and nonspecific

Front 65

Nonspecific cellular defenses (of blood) include the _______, _______, and _______ cells.

Back 65

Granulocytes

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Front 66

The two components of specific immune response (of blood) are the _______ and _______.

Back 66

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Front 67

T lymphocytes provide specific _______ _______immunity, and the B lymphocytes produce specific _______ or _______ immunity.

Back 67

Cell-mediated

Antibody, or humoral

Front 68

The lymphatic system has three (3) functions. They are?

Back 68

1) Returns tissue fluid to general circulation; 2) carries away excess fluid in inflamed tissues; (3) concentrates and processes foreign invaders and initiates the specific immune response.

Front 69

These five (5) sites are important sites of lymphoid tissues:

Back 69

1) Lymph nodes
2) spleen
3) thymus
4) tonsils
5) GALT

Front 70

There are _______ major events in inflammation.

Back 70

Four

Front 71

The process leading to inflammation is a dynamic, predicatable sequence of events that can be acute, lasting from a _______ _______ or _______, to _______, lasting for _______, _______ or, _______.

Back 71

few minutes or hours, to chronic, lasting for days, weeks, or years.

Front 72

List the four (4) stages of inflammation in order of occurrence:

Back 72

(a) Injury/immediate reactions
(b) Vascular Reactions
(c) Edema and Pus Formation
(d) Resolution/Scar Formation

Front 73

During the first stage of Inflammation, what happens?

Back 73

Injury (bacteria in wound) ---> reflex narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) lasting for a short time ---> Release of chemical mediators into the area.

Front 74

During the Injury/Immediate Reaction stage, what cells release chemical mediators?

Back 74

Mast Cells

Front 75

During the second stage, Vascular Reactions, what occurs?

Back 75

Increased diameter of blood vessels (vasodilation) ---> Increased blood flow ---> Increased vascular permeability ---> Leakage of fluid (plasma) from blood vessels into tissues (exudate formation).

Front 76

What happens during the third stage of Inflammation?

Back 76

Edema ---> Infiltration of site by neutrophils and accumulation of pus.

Front 77

What happens during the fourth stage of inflammation?

Back 77

Macrophages and lymphocytes ---> Repair, either by complete resolution and return of tissue to normal state or by formation of scar tissue.

Front 78

Name the six (6) events in phagocytosis:

Back 78

1) Chemotaxis
2) Ingestions
3) Phagolysosome formation
4) Destruction, and
5) Excretion

Front 79

During chemotaxis and ingestion, phagocytes migrate into a region of inflammation with a deliberate sense of direction. What attracts them?

Back 79

A gradient of stimulant products from the parasite and host tissue at the site of injury.

Front 80

Phagocytes are now known to be able to recognize some microorganisms as foreign because of:

Back 80

Signal molecules that the microbes have on their surfaces.

Front 81

What are the signal molecules called, found on microbial surfaces, which attract the phagocytes?

Back 81

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Front 82

how (or why) do PAMPs become "red flags" for phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity?

Back 82

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are found on the surface of many microorganisms, but not present in mammals, and therefore draw the attention of phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity.