Network+ Guide To Networks // Chapter 2

Front 1

The IEEE standard for error and flow control in data frames.

Back 1

802.2

Front 2

The IEEE standard for Ethernet networking devices and data handling (using the CSMA/CD access method).

Back 2

802.3

Front 3

The IEEE standard for token ring networking devices and data handling.

Back 3

802.5

Front 4

The IEEE standard for wireless networking.

Back 4

802.11

Front 5

A response generated at the Transport layer of the OSI model that confirms to a sender that its frame was received. The ___ packet is the third of three in the three-step process of establishing a connection.

Back 5

ACK (acknowlegment)

Front 6

An organization composed of more than 1000 representatives from industry and government who together determine standards for the electronics industry in addition to other fields, such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety, and construction.

Back 6

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

Front 7

A set of routines that make up part of a software application.

Back 7

API (Application Programming Interface)

Front 8

The seventh layer of the OSI model. _____ ______ protocols enable software programs to negotiate formatting, procedural, security, synchronization, and other requirements with the network.

Back 8

Application layer

Front 9

A method of error checking that determines if the contents of an arriving data unit match the contents of the data unit sent by the source.

Back 9

checksum

Front 10

A type of Transport layer protocol that requires the establishment of a connection between communicating nodes before it will transmit data.

Back 10

connection oriented

Front 11

A type of Transport layer protocol that services a request without requiring a verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data.

Back 11

connectionless

Front 12

An algorithm (or mathematical routine) used to verify the accuracy of data contained in a data frame.

Back 12

CRC (cyclic redundancy check)

Front 13

The second layer in the OSI model. The _____ _____ layer bridges the networking media with the Network layer. Its primary function is to divide the data it receives from the Network layer into frames that can then be transmitted by the Physical layer.

Back 13

Data Link

Front 14

A trade organization composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the United States that sets standards for electronic equipment and lobbies for legislation favorable to the growth of the computer and electronics industries.

Back 14

EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance)

Front 15

The process of wrapping one layer's PDU with protocol information so that it can be interpreted by a lower layer. For example, Data Link layer protocols _____ Network layer packers in frames.

Back 15

encapsulate

Front 16

A networking technology originally developed at Xerox in the 1970s and improved by Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox. _____, which is the most common form of network transmission technology, follows the IEEE 802.3 standard.

Back 16

Ethernet

Front 17

The IEEE standard defining 64-bit physical addresses. In this scheme, the OUI portion of an address is 24 bits in length. A 40-bit extension identifier makes up the rest of the physical address to total 64-bits.

Back 17

EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64)

Front 18

A unique set of characters assigned to each NIC by its manufacturer. In the traditional, 48-bit physical addressing scheme, the _____ _____ is 24 bits long. In EUI-64, the extension identifier is 40 bits long.

Back 18

extension identifier

Front 19

The field in a frame responsible for ensuring that data carried by the frame arrives intact. It used an algorithm, such as CRC, to accomplish this verification.

Back 19

FCS (frame check sequence)

Front 20

A method of gauging the appropriate rate of data transmission based on how fast the recipient can accept data.

Back 20

flow control

Front 21

A Network layer service that subdivides segments it receives from the Transport layer into smaller packets.

Back 21

fragmentation

Front 22

A package for data that includes not only the raw data, or "payload", but also the sender's and recipient's addressing and control information. Generated at the Data Link layer of the OSI model, and issued to the network at the Physical layer.

Back 22

frame

Front 23

An Application layer protocol that formulates and interprets requests between Web clients and servers.

Back 23

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

Front 24

A technical advisory group of researchers and technical professionals responsible for Internet growth and management strategy, resolution of technical disputes, and standards oversight.

Back 24

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

Front 25

A nonprofit, United States government-funded group that was established at the University of Southern California and charged with managing IP address allocation and the Domain Name System. The oversight for many of their functions was given to ICANN in 1998; however, they continue to perform Internet addressing and Domain Name System Administration.

Back 25

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

Front 26

The nonprofit corporation currently designated by the United States government to maintain and assign IP addresses.

Back 26

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

Front 27

An international society composed of engineering professionals. Its goals are to promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields.

Back 27

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

Front 28

An organization that sets standards for how systems communicate over the Internet (for example, how protocols operate and interact).

Back 28

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Front 29

A core protocol in the TCP/_____ suite that operates in the Network layer of the OSI model and provides information about how and where data should be delivered. _____ is the subprotocol that enables TCP/_____ to internetwork.

Back 29

IP (Internet Protocol)

Front 30

The Network layer address assigned to nodes to uniquely identify them on a TCP/_____ network. __v4 addresses consist of 32 bits divided into four octets, or bytes. __v6 addresses are composed of eight 16-bit fields, for a total of 128 bits.

Back 30

IP address (Internet Protocol address)

Front 31

A collection of standards organizations representing 162 countries with headquarters located in Geneva, Switzerland. Its goal is to establish international technological standards to facilitate the global exchange of information and barrier-free trade.

Back 31

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

Front 32

A professional organization with members from 90 chapters around the world that helps to establish technical standards for the Internet.

Back 32

ISOC (Internet Society)

Front 33

A business that provides organizations and individuals with Internet access and often, other services, such as e-mail and Web hosting.

Back 33

ISP (Internet service provider)

Front 34

A United Nations agency that regulates international telecommunications and provides developing countries with technical expertise and equipment to advance their technological bases.

Back 34

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

Front 35

The upper sublayer in the Data Link layer. The _____ provides a common interface and supplies reliability and flow control services.

Back 35

LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer

Front 36

The lower sublayer of the Data Link layer. The _____ appends the physical address of the destination computer onto the frame.

Back 36

MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer

Front 37

The largest data unit a network (for example, Ethernet or token ring) will accept for transmission.

Back 37

MTU (maximum transmission unit)

Front 38

A unique identifying number for a network node that follows a hierarchical addressing scheme and can be assigned through operating system software. _____ _____ are added to data packets and interpreted by protocols at the Network layer of the OSI model.

Back 38

network address

Front 39

The third layer of the OSI model. Protocols in this layer translate network addresses into their physical counterparts and decide how to route data from the sender to the receiver.

Back 39

Network layer

Front 40

A model for understanding and developing computer-to-computer communication developed in the 1980s by ISO. It divides networking functions among seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

Back 40

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model

Front 41

A 24-bit character sequence assigned by IEEE that appears at the beginning of a network's interface's physical address and identifies the NIC's manufacturer.

Back 41

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)

Front 42

A unit of data at any layer of the OSI model.

Back 42

PDU (protocol data unit)

Front 43

A 48- or 64-bit network interface identifier that includes two parts: the OUI, assigned by IEEE to the manufacturer, and the extension identifier, a unique number assigned to each NIC by the manufacturer.

Back 43

physical address

Front 44

The lowest, or first, layer of the OSI model. Protocols in the _____ layer generate and detect signals so as to transmit and receive data over a network medium. These protocols also set the data transmission rate and monitor data error rates, but do not provide error correction.

Back 44

Physical layer

Front 45

The sixth layer of the OSI model. Protocols in this layer translate between the application and the network. Here, data are formatted into a schema that the network can understand, with the format varying according to the type of network used. The _____ layer also manages data encryption and decryption, such as the scrambling of system passwords.

Back 45

Presentation layer

Front 46

The process of reconstructing data units that have been segmented.

Back 46

reassembly

Front 47

A not-for-profit agency that manages the distribution of IP addresses to private and public entities. ARIN is the _____ for North, Central, and South America, and sub-Sahara Africa. APNIC is the _____ for Asia and the Pacific region. RIPE is the _____ for Europe and North Africa.

Back 47

RIR (Regional Internet Registry)

Front 48

The intelligently direct data between networks based on addressing, patterns of useage, and availability of network segments.

Back 48

route

Front 49

A device that connects network segments and directs data based on information contained in the data packet.

Back 49

router

Front 50

A unit of data that results from subdividing a larger protocol data unit.

Back 50

segment

Front 51

The process of decreasing the size of data units when moving data from a network that can handle larger data units to a networks that can handle only smaller data units.

Back 51

segmentation

Front 52

The process of assigning a placeholder to each piece of a data block to allow the receiving node's Transport layer to reassemble the data in the correct order.

Back 52

sequencing

Front 53

A connection for data exchange between two parties. The term may be used in the context of Web, remote access, or terminal and mainframe communications, for example.

Back 53

session

Front 54

The fifth layer in the OSI model. This layer establishes and maintains communication between two nodes on the network. It can be considered the "traffic cop" for communications, such as videoconferencing, that require precisely coordinated data exchange.

Back 54

Session layer

Front 55

A documented agreement containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that are used as guidelines to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services suit their intended purpose.

Back 55

standard

Front 56

The packet one node sends to request a connection with another node on the network. The _____ packet is the first of three in the three-step process of establishing a connection.

Back 56

SYN (synchronization)

Front 57

The packet a node sends to acknowledge to another node that it has received a SYN request for connection. The _____ packet is the second of three in a three-step process of establishing a connection.

Back 57

SYN-ACK (synchronization-acknowledgement)

Front 58

A device with little (if any) of its own processing or disk capacity that depends on a host to supply it with applications and data-processing services.

Back 58

terminal

Front 59

A three-step process in which Transport layer protocols establish a connection between nodes. The three steps are: Node A issues a SYN packet to node B, node B responds with SYN-ACK, and node A responds with ACK.

Back 59

three-way handshake

Front 60

A subgroup of the EIA that focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment. Probably the best known standards to come from the ___/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable should be installed in commercial buildings, known as the "___/EIA 568-B Series".

Back 60

TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

Front 61

A special control frame that indicates to the rest of the network that a particular node has the right to transmit data.

Back 61

token

Front 62

A networking technology developed by IBM in the 1980s. It relies upon direct links between nodes and a ring topology, using tokens to allow nodes to transmit data.

Back 62

token ring

Front 63

The fourth layer of the OSI model. In this layer, protocols ensure that data are transferred from point A to point B reliably and without errors. _____ layer services include flow control, acknowledgment, error connection, segmentation, reassembly, and sequencing.

Back 63

Transport layer